• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.341-344
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the wound contraction of chitosan, aloe vera, fucidin natrium, and premycin ointment on defected wound from full-thickness skin defects(1 cm $\times$ 1 cm). Twelve dogs were designed in 5 different positions on the dorsal thoracolumbar. We examined the effects of wound contraction every four other day 16 for days. Percentage of wound contraction based on epitherial overall area of defected wound which calculated by image analyzer and computer. Four to 8 days after wound contraction in wound defected dogs, the epithelial overall rate were the most high presented by 48.1 % in the chitosan group and were the lowest by 26.8% in the premycin group. In 16 days, chitosan group were the most heigh presented by 94.4% and premycin group were the lowest by 76.5% compare to saline group of 85.9%. Thus, we conclude that the chitosan is a possible role for improvement of wound contraction by wound defected dogs.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.576-584
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• 2011

Purpose: The shape and location, the amount of the wound and the characteristics of the remaining tissues are known to influence wound contraction. The previous studies using small animals have not been an appropriate model because the wound healing mechanisms and skin structures are different from those of the human. The purpose of this study is to evaluate wound contraction according to the shape and location of the wound using a $Micropig^{(R)}$. Methods: Four $Micropigs^{(R)}$ (Medikinetics, Pyeongtaek, Korea) that were 10 months of age weighed 25 kg were used. Full thickness skin defects were made by clearing all the tissues above the fascial layer in the shape of square, a regular triangle and a circle of 9 $cm^2$ each on the back around the spine. Eight wounds were created on the back of each pig, 50 mm apart from each other. The randomly chosen wound shapes included 11 squares, 11 regular triangles, and 10 circles. Wound dressing was done every other day with polyurethane foam. The wound size was measured using a Visitrak $Digital^{(R)}$ (Smith & Nephew, Hull, UK) on every other day after surgery from day 2 to day 28. A biopsy was performed on day 3, and 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks to investigate the degree of acute and chronic inflammation, the number of microvesssel and myofibroblast density using H & E stain and immunohistochemistry. The wound contraction rate was calculated to figure out the differences among each of the shapes and the locations. Results: The ultimate shape of the circle wound was oval, and that of the regular triangle and square were stellate. The maximum contraction rate was obtained on 8 to 10 days for all the shapes, which corresponds with the immunohistochemical finding that myofibroblast increases in the earlier 2 weeks whereas it decreases in the later 2 weeks. Epithelialization was seen in the wound margin on day 7 and afterwards. The final wound contraction rates were highest for the regular triangle shapes; however, there were no statistically significant differences. The wound contraction rates by locations showed statistically significant differences. The wound in the cephalic area presented more contractions than that of the wounds in the caudal area. Conclusion: The location of a wound is more important factor than the wound shape in wound contraction.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.457-462
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• 2012

Background The elasticity of the back skin of the rat reduced the tension around wounds during the wound healing process in that region, and thus activates wound contraction. The authors proposed two skin fixation methods using readily available materials to decrease the influence of wound contraction on wound healing and designed an experiment to determine their effects. Methods The authors made 36 skin wounds on the backs of 18 rats, and they divided them into three groups. Each group was treated with three different kinds of dressing materials, each with different skin fixing characteristics. Group A was a control group. Group B and group C were dressed by the first and the second skin fixation method. We measured the areas of the wounds post-surgically and calculated the wound area reduction rates. Results The two skin fixation methods both reduced the effect of wound contraction compared to the control group. Each of the two methods had different outcomes in reducing wound contraction. Conclusions The experiment demonstrated significant differences among the wound areas and the wound area reduction rates of the three groups as a result of differences in the degree of wound contraction. To obtain accurate results from wound healing experiments, appropriate skin fixation methods must be adopted.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 1993

To investigate e effect of antimicrobial ointments on wound healing wound contraction was measured in rabbits with daily application of ointments. Full thickness skin defects(1cm$\times$1cm) were made in three different areas on the back. Percentage of wound contraction based on wound area measured on the day of surgery was calculate every other day until day 9. The percentages of wound contraction in saline and gentamycin solution-treated groups were 86.0% and 75.0%, respectively and higher than those in animicrobial ointments, especially gentamycin cream, silver sulfadiazine and madecasol ointments. It was suggested that the effect of antimicrobial ointments on wound healing were not superior to at of physiological saline in respect to wound contraction in rabbits.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2011

Purpose: This study investigated the effect of needle electrode stimulation at various frequencies on change in wound healing in excision wound rats Methods: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley adult male rats were assigned to one of four groups: control (n=6), acupuncture group (n=6), low rate (2 Hz) percutaneous electrical stimulation group, high rate (100 Hz) percutaneous electrical stimulation group (n=6). We analyzed morphological effects by measuring the area of the excision wound, the contraction rate, and chromatic red. A digital camera and an image analysis program were used to measure and analyze the wound area,which was also used for the contraction rate. Chromatic red was obtained by calculating red, green, and blue (RGB) values of the wound area. Results: The electro acupuncture stimulation groupsshowed significant healing effects compared to the control and acupuncture groups. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that various frequencies of percutaneous electrical stimulation have a therapeutic effect on wound healing.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.277-281
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• 1992

To investigate the effect of chlorhexidine gluconate and povidone iodine on wound healing, their antimicrobial activity and their effects on wound contraction in rabbits were studied. Staphyococcus aureus (1${\times}$10$\^$7/) was inoculated on the full thickness skin defects (2${\times}$2cm) on the back. Antiseptics were applied on the defects 2 hours after Inoculation. The defects were swabbed for bacterial culture 24 and 48 hours after the application of antiseptics. Percentage of wound contraction, based on wound area measured on the day of surgery was calculated for each wound on days 1,7 and 14. The 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate solution had more effective antimicrobial activity against Staphyococcus aureus in wounds than 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate solution (p<0.05), and povidone iodine solution and saline (p<0.01). Percentages of wound contraction were not significantly different among different dilutions of the antiseptics and saline. Present study indicated that the antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine gluconate in wound was superior to that of povidone iodine.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.697-702
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a protein-free, standardized dialysate/ultrafiltrate (HD) derivatives from calf blood (Solcoseryl$^{(R)}$) for second-intention full-thickness skin wound healing in dogs. Three $2{\times}2cm$ area-matched full-thickness skin wounds were created bilaterally on the dorsolateral aspect of the trunk of nine dogs. In each dog, two wounds were treated with HD, cemella asiatica extract (Centrasol$^{(R)}$) and normal saline, respectively. For six weeks, the wounds were evaluated grossly for contraction, epithelialization and healing and were examined histopathologically. In the first week of the wound healing period, HD stimulated wound contraction and healing more significantly than centasol and normal saline (p<0.05). Neutrophils were more increased in the HD-treated wounds than those in centasol or normal saline treated wounds. In the second week, HD stimulated epithelialization more significantly than centasol or normal saline (p<0.05), and neovascularization and granulation more increased in the HD-treated wounds than those in centasol and normal saline treated wounds. In conclusion, HD was the most effective on early wound contraction, epithelialization and healings among three experimental drugs in full-thickness skin wound.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.198-206
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• 2003

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of polyphosphate on healing of skin wound in rabbits. Four skin wounds of 8mm in diameter were induced bilaterally(4 wounds/rabbit) on the dorsolateral aspect of the trunk of 15 male New Zealand white rabbits. Ten percent polyphosphate(poly P) type 25, 10% poly P type 35, 10% poly P type 25+10% poly P type 35 and 0.85% sterile saline solution were applied on the wound area and examined grossly and histopathologically. The rate of wound contraction and histopathological changes after poly P application on the skin wound were investigated. In gross findings, the wound contraction rates of 10% poly P 25 group were significantly decreased from day 2 to day 7 after operation than those of 0.85% sterile saline solution treated group (p < 0.01). Although the hemorrhage and inflammation were observed on days 3, 6 and 9 after operation in all groups, but in 10% poly P 25 was gradually decreased. Revascularization and reepithelialization were seen 3, 6 and 9 days after operation in all groups, especially in 10% poly P 25 was formed completely on 9 days. Fibroplasia were seen 3. 6 and 9 days after operation in all groups, especially in 10% poly P 25 was compact than other groups on 9 days. The results suggested that polyphosphate, especially 10% poly P 25 would be effective on healing of skin wound in rabbits through decrease of would contraction rate, increase of revascularization, reepithelialization and fibroplasia.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2006

Alginate, which is isolated from brown seaweed, is a bioabsorbable long chain polysaccharides, ${\beta}$-D-mannuronic acid and ${\alpha}$-L-guluronic acid. The authors produced alginates and alginate-colllagen as a disc form. Then, to evaluate the efficacy of alginate and alginate-collagen complex as a wound healing material, three full-thickness skin defects of 2 cm in diameter were made at the back of the New Zealand white rabbits. Three groups of dressing materials-alginate, alginate-collagen complex and vaseline gauze as control group - were applied on the wound and the results were evaluated grossly and histopathologically. The authors compared gross findings of sizes of healed wound, wound epithelization and wound contraction by tracing the remaining wound area at 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th day after wound introduction, and wound biopsy was performed at 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st day, respectively. Alginate and alginate-collagen complex showed statistically higher percentage of wound contraction and wound healing compared to control group(p<0.05). Alginate-collagen complex showed statistically higher percentage of wound contraction, epithelization and wound healing compared to alginate alone. In conclusion, the result suggests that alginate has a good effect of wound healing and that alginate-collagen complex is more effective in wound healing than alginate alone.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.254-260
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• 2007

Alstonia scholaris (Family: Apocynaceae) has been indicated for the treatment of various diseases, one among which is wound healing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the wound healing effect and antioxidant role of Alstonia scholaris leaves in animal models. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of Alstonia scholaris (EEAS, AEAS respectively) were tested against excision, incision and dead space wound models to evaluate the wound healing activity. In excision wound model, treatment was continued till the complete healing of wound, in incision and dead space wound models, the treatment was continued for 10 days. For topical application, 5% w/w ointment of EEAS and AEAS were prepared in 2% sodium alginate. For oral administration, EEAS was suspended in distilled water using Tween 80 and AEAS was dissolved in distilled water. The wound healing was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, period of epithelialisation, skin breaking strength, granulation strength, dry granulation tissue weight, hydroxyproline, collagen and histopathology of granulation tissue. Malondialdehyde level was also estimated to evaluate the extent of lipid peroxidation. AEAS and EEAS significantly promoted wound healing activity in all the wound models studied. Increase in the rate of wound contraction, skin breaking strength, granulation strength, dry granulation tissue weight, hydroxyproline and collagen, decrease in the period for epithelialisation and increased collagenation in histopathological section were observed with EEAS and AEAS treated groups. EEAS and AEAS also significantly decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation. The present study is suggestive that EEAS and AEAS promote wound healing activity.