• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.739-744
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to elucidate protective effect of Fructus Schsandrae(FS) water extract against xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine(XO/HX)-induced cardiotoxicity in myocardial cells this experiment was performed. Cardiotoxicity of XO/HX was examined by MTT(MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5,-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. XO/HX induced the decrease of cell viability. Also XO/HX induced the increase of LDH activity and the decrease of beating rate on cultured myocardial cells in a dose-dependent manner. To investigate cardioprotective effect of FS water extract cultures were preincubated with FS water extract for 3 hours. Cultures were then exposed to XO/HX for 72 hours. FS water extract have an efficacy in decreaasing LDH activity and increasing heart beating rate on cultured myocardial cells damaged by XO/HX. From the results it is suggested that XO/HX may show toxic effect in cultured myocardial cells derived from neonatal mouse and FS water extract is effective in the prevention of XO/HX-induced cardiotoxicity.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 1976

The determination of oxalic acid is carried out with Zr(IV)-XO complex by spectrophotometry. The Mechanism of this method in 1∼4N HCl solution is shown below (XO = xylenol orange); Zr(IV)+XO=Zr(IV)-XO+ excess XO, Zr(IV) - XO + oxalate = Zr(IV)-oxalate + XO When oxalic acid is added to Zr(IV)-XO complex(red color), the absorbance of Zr(IV) - XO complex is decreased in proportional to the amount of oxalic acid. The malic, malonic, maleic, fumaric, succinic, folic and glutamic acid did not interfere even if they are present in hundred times of oxalic acid. If they are present in the same amount as oxalic acid, citric and tartaric acid did not interfere but they are interfere when they are present in much more than that of oxalic acid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1197-1203
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary xylooligosaccharide on UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UDP-GTase) activity and excretion of fecal sterols in rat fed high cholesterol diet. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100$\pm$10 g were randomly divided into five groups, one with normal diet and four with high cholesterol diets containing 1% cholesterol (w/w). The high groups with cholesterol diet groups were classified into xylooligosaccharide free diet (C), 5% xylooligosaccharide diet (C5XO), 10% xylooligosaccharide diet (C10XO), and 15% xylooligosaccharide diet (C15XO) group according to the five groups of dietary xylooligosaccharide by weights. The experimental diets were fed ad libidum for 4 weeks. Fecal weights were increased 86% by xylooligosaccharide. Fecal total lipid contents including fecal neutral and acidic sterols in xylooligosaccharide groups were significantly higher than those of the normal and C groups, and especially that of C10XO group was the highest among all experimental groups. Activity of UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UDP-GTase) in liver in C group was 35% higher than that of normal group and the activities in C5XO, C10XO and C15XO groups were 15%, 41%, and 21% higher than in C group, respectively. Fecal bile acid excretions per day were increased 3.1, 3.6 and, 2.8 folds in C5XO, C10XO, and C15XO groups, respectively, compared with that of C group. Contents of neutral sterol, coprostanol, and coprostanone were higher in xylooligosaccharide groups than in C group. These results suggest that dietary xylooligosaccharide may act as potential substitute for a dietary fiber capable of improving a gastrointestinal function and lipid metabolism.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.279-288
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• 1995

To apply the serum xanthine oxidase (XO) determining for the index of the toluene intoxication, the serum XO activity was compared with the other parameters, the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), 5'-nucleotidase(5'-NT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), guanase(GDA) and $\gamma$-gIutamyl transpeptidase(T-GTP). Concomitantly, the cause of increased level of serum XO was clarified in the present experimental conditions. Although the other serum enzyme activities, ALT, AST, 5'-NT, ALP, GDA and $\gamma$-GTP were respectively not found to be different between control group and toluene-treated group, the serum XO activity in toluene-treated group showed the higher levels than that in the control group. These suggested that the determination of serum XO activity could be used for monitoring the intoxication of toluene. On the other hand, the activities of XO both in the serum and liver were higher in toluene-treated or benzaldehyde-treated rats than those in each control group. In the pooled liver XO from each group, toluene-treated or benzaldehyde-treated group showed the higher $V_{max}$ value than the control group, whereas no changes were observed in liver XO activities between the control liver specimen and that preincubated with bertzaldehyde in vitro. The present results indicate that the increased level of XO in toluene-treated rats is due to the result of enzyme protein induction in liver cell by the benzaldehyde metabolized from toluene. All the more, the benzaldehyde may be acted as a substrate for XO, since the benzaldehyde induced the increased activity of both liver and serum XO, and no changes were found in purine catabolite, uric acid in serum or urine and liver purine catabolizing enzymes, adenosine deaminase, GDA, uricuse except XO in toluene-treated rats.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.553-556
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• 2002

To study the effects of Scorpio on oxygen free radical-mediated damage by xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine (XO/HX) on cultured spinal sensory neurons, in vitro assays such as MTT assay were used in cultured spinal sensory neurons derived from mice. Spinal sensory neurons were cultured in media containing various concentrations of XO/HX for 6 hours, after which the neurotoxic effect of XO/HX was measured by in vitro assay. The protective effect of the herb extract, Scorpio water extract against XO/HX-induced neurotoxicity was also examined. The results are as follows : In MTT assay, XO/HX significantly decreased the cell viability of cultured mouse spinal sensory neurons according to exposure concentration and time in these cultures. The effect of Scorpio water extract on XO/HX-induced neurotoxicity showed a quantitative increase in neurdfilament. These results suggest that XO/HX has a neurotoxic effect on cultured spinal sensory neurons from mice and that the herb extract, Scorpio water extract, was very effective in protecting XO/HX-induced neurotoxicity.

• The Journal of Korea CHUNA Manual Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.143-157
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• 2001

Objectives and Methods : To evaluate the mechanism of oxidative damage by xanthine oxydase(XO) and hypoxanthine(HX)-induced oxygen radicals, MTT assay and NR assay were carried out after the cultured mouse spinal sensory neurons were preincubated for 4 hours with various concentrations of XO/HX. And the amount of total protein. neurofilament EIA. lipid peroxidation and LDH activity were measured, to evaluate the protective effect of Herbar Chelidonii(HC) water extract on cultured spinal sensory neurons damaged by XO/HX. after the cultured mouse spinal sensory neurons were preincubated with various concentrations of HC water extract for 3 hours prior to exposure of XO/HX. Results : XO/HX decreased significantly the survival rate of the cultured mouse sensory neurons by NR assay and MTT assay In proportion to concentration and exposed time. In proportion to concentration and exposed time on cultured spinal sensory neurons, XO/HX showed the quantitative decrease of neurofilament by EIA. the decrease of total protein amount by SRB assay and the Increase of lipid peroxidation as well as LDH. HC showed the quantitative increase of neurofilament and total protein, but showed the decrease of lipid peroxidation and LDH activity against the neurotoxicity of XO/HX. Conclusions : From the above results, it is concluded that XO/HX have a neurotoxic effect on cultured spinal sensory neurons and that the herbs extract, such as HC, prevent the toxicity of XO/HX effectively in that they decrease lipid peroxidation and LDH activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.705-711
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• 1998

The digestibility of xylooligosaccharide(XO) by juices of the digestive tract and retardation effect of XO on the adsorption of bile acids were compared with fructooligosaccharide(FO) and isomaltooligosaccharide(IO). In vitro digestion experiments showed that any hydrolyzed products of FO, IO and XO were not detected by HPLC after reaction with saliva, pancreatic, artifical intesteinal, and large intestinal luices, and artifical sera for 4 hours at 37$^{\circ}C$. However, IO were mostly digested by the small intestinal juice, and some quantity of FO were digested. XO were not digested at all by any enzyme of digestive tract. In order to investigate retardation effect of XO on the bile acid absorption. In vitro, permeability of bile acid against dialysis membrane was determined in the mixture which contained guar gum instead of XO was set 100%. The premeability of bile acid showed about 50% in the FO and IO mixture and 43% in the XO mixture. The activity of lactase in FO group and activity of sucrase and maltase in XO group in rat small intestinal mucosa were significantly decreased. Consequently, the present results indicate that XO is indigestible in digestive tract and has retarding effect of adsorption of bile acid compared with the other oligosaccharides. The disaccharidase activity of the XO dietary group was lower than that of the other oligosaccharides dietary group. Furthermore, it was suggested that hydrolysis of sugar may be retarded in digestive tract and glucose level in blood may be controlled effectively by the XO.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2000

Objectives and Methods : In order to elucidate toxic mechanism of myocardial damage and protective effect of myrrha water extract against cytotoxic effect of xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine(XO/HX), cardioprotective effect of myrrha water extract was examined by MTT assay, LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) activity and heart beating rate after cultured myocardial cells derived from neonatal mouse were treated with various concentration of XO/HX, a free radical. Results : XO/HX induced a decrease of cell viability, an increase in the amount of LDH, and a decrease of heart beating rate on cultured myocardial cells in a dose-dependent manner. In cardioprotective effect of myrrha water extract, it showed a decrease in the amount of LDH and an increase of heart beating rate on cultured myocardial cells damaged by XO/HX. Conclusions : From the above results, it is suggested that XO/HX showed toxic effect in cultured myocardial cells derived from neonatal mouse and that myrrha water extract is very effective in the prevention of XO/HX-induced cardiotoxicity.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.3-10
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• 2000

In order to elucidate the toxic mechanism of neurotoxical damage and neuroprotective effect of Jangwon-hwan(Zhuangyuan-wan) water extract, this experiment was performed. Neurotoxic effects of xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine(XO/HX) were examined by MTT and NR assay, neuroprotective effects of Jangwon-hwan(Zhuangyuan-wan) water extract were examined by neurofilament enzymeimmuno assay(EIA). XO/HX induced an increase in cell viability, and a decrease in the amount of neurofilament on cultured mouse cerebral cortical neurons in dose-dependent manner. In neuroprotective effect of herb medicine, Jangwon-hwan(Zhuangyuan-wan) water extract increased the amount of neurofilament on cultured mouse cerebral cortical neurons damaged by XO/HX. From the results, it is suggested that XO/HX showed toxic effect in cultured mouse cerebral cortical Neurons and Jangwon-hwan(Zhuangyuan-wan) water extract is very effective in the prevention of neurotoxicity induced by XO/HX.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2003

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of catalase using xanthine (X)-xanthine oxidase (XO) system on in vitro maturation and fertilization in the pig. When follicular oocytes were cultured with X or XO, the maturation rates were not significantly different between in medium with and without catalase despite of different culture periods. However, significantly (P<0.05) higher maturation rates were obtained in culture with X-XO-catalase system. The rates of degenerated oocytes were increased with culture periods prolonged, and were significantly (P<0.05) higher in medium without that than with catalase at 120 h of culture. On the other hand, the parthenogenetic oocytes were observed with high proportions at 72 h of culture, but were not different between the medium with and without catalase at various times of culture. In another experiment, the frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa treated with X-XO system for in vitro fertilization. The penetration rates were higher in medium with that than without catalase during the in vitro fertilization with none (P<0.05), XO and X+XO. On the other hand, when sperm were treated with none, X, XO and X+XO, lipid peroxidation were produced with higher rates in medium without that than with catalase, and consequently the changes in sperm penetration and lipid peroxidation showed opposite patterns. Under the above all conditions, however, sperm-SH group were higher detected by catalase. When the activity of sperm binding to zona pellucida was evaluated through binding to salt-stored porcine oocytes, sperm binding to zona pellucida in control group were higher than in medium with X, XO and X+XO groups. No significant differences, however, were observed between medium with and without catalase. In conclusion, the exposure of follicular oocytes and spermatozoa to X-XO-catalase system may be caused stimulating in vitro maturation and fertilization in the pig.