• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.440-447
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• 2003

Up until today, the key to contouring has been resumed in these two alternatives, either limiting the adipocyte storing capacity by modulating lipogenesis, or by stimulating lipolysis to eliminate adipocyte lipid content. Another interesting way could be the regulation of adipocyte differentiation. In this work, we have evaluated the effect of a brown algal extract of Sphacelaria scoparia (SSE) on the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into adipocytes. A pre-adipocyte line (3T3-L 1) was used. The differentiation was evaluated by the measure of produced lipids thanks to red oil coloration and spectrophotometry, and also by the expression of adipocyte differentiation markers: enzymes such as fatty acid synthase (FAS) and stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD), or membrane proteins such as glucose transporters (GLUT -4) and fatty acid transporters (FAT) expressed on the surface of human adipocytes. These genes are under control of two transcription factors: CAAT-enhancer binding protein (c/EBP alpha) and sterol response element binding protein (SREBP1). All these markers were analysed at different stages of differentiation by RT -PCR. Sphacelaria extract (SSE) inhibits pre-adipocytes differentiating into adipocytes following a dose-dependant relation, using a kinetics similar to retinoic acid. It decreases the expression of mRNA specific to FAS, FAT, GLUT -4, SCD1, c/EBP alpha and SREBP1. Moreover, SSE regulated on collagen 1 and collagen 4 expression. A stimulation of collagen 1 was also measured in human skin fibroblasts. Thus, SSE performs as a genuine differentiation inhibitor and not only as a lipogenesis inhibitor, and could be used in slimming products.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.372-379
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• 2004

This study evaluated polymanuronates on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Polymannuronates increased glucose utilization and reduced the accumulation of triglycerides in the cells. The differentiation showed the same results as Oil red O staining. Also, the polymannuronates inhibited GPDH activity as a result of the restrained adipogenesis promotion process in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The addition of the differentiation promotion factor to 3T3-L1 promoted the differentiation of adipocytes and increased the expression of the leptin level. However the addition of polymannuronates inhibited differentiation of adipocytes and the leptin secretion level in cells by checking the leptin protein level in the culture media. As well as this, it also inhibited the transcriptional mechanism and leptin mRNA expression. These results suggest that the addition of polymannuronates improves the physiological function of 3T3-L1 cells by reducing the accumulation of triglyceride and GPDH activity, and the repressing expression of leptin at a molecular level.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2 s.62
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• pp.241-251
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• 2005

Objectives: This experimental study was designed to investig:ue the effects of Oryungsan-gagampang on leptin and leptin receptor levels and differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocyte. Methods: After 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated with various concentrations of Oryungsan-gagampang and Reductil(r) for 7 days, leptin and leptin receptor levels in 3T3-Ll adipocytes were measured by ELISA. To elucidate the mechanism of inhibitory effects of Oryungsan-gagampang on obesity, the 3T3-L1 adipocytes after oil red 0 staining were taken by digital photo system. Results: 1. Oryungsan-gagampang $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ significantly increased leptin levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in comparison with the control group (p<0.05), and Oryungsan-gagampang 0.1 10, $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ significantly increased leptin receptor levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). 2. Oryungsan-gagampang inhibited of differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Conclusions: Oryungsan-gagampang showed significant effects on inhibiting differentiation of 3T3-Ll adipocytes, and increasing leptin levels and leptin receptor levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Therefore, Oryungsan-gagampang could be used to treat obesity, but further studies are required.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.715-723
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• 2018

The present study was done to investigate the effect of co-culturing muscle satellite cells (MSCs) and intramuscular preadipocytes (IPs) on the differentiation of adipocytes and muscle cells isolated from Korean native cattle. MSCs and IPs were single-cultured in 10% fetal bovine serum/Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium (FBS/DMEM) for 48 h followed by culturing in 5% FBS/DMEM as the growth media. Then, the growth media was replaced by differentiation media composed of 2% FBS/DMEM without any additives for the single- or co-culture of muscle cells and intramuscular adipocytes to induce the differentiation of both cell types. Cell differentiation was measured by morphological investigation and cytosolic enzyme analysis of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) for the adipocytes and creatine kinase (CK) for the muscle cells. In the morphological test, the presence of muscle cells did not stimulate adipocyte differentiation showing more differentiation of the adipocytes in the single-culture compared to the co-culture condition. However, the differentiation of muscle cells was promoted by adipocytes in the co-culture. The results of the enzymatic analysis were highly associated with the morphological results with a statistically higher GPDH activity (p < 0.05) appearing in the single-culture than in the co-culture, whereas the opposite was true for the CK activity of the muscle cells (p < 0.05). By manipulating in vivo the milieu using a co-culture, we could detect the difference in the rate of cell differentiation and suggest that a co-culture system is a more reliable and precise technique compared to a single-culture. Further studies on various co-culture trials including supplementation of differentiating substances, gene expression analysis, etc. should be done to obtain practical and fundamental data.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.13-20
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• 2009

In this study, the effects of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) on fat metabolism were performed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The effects of GL on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiation were also examined. Our results showed that GL decreased the TG content by ORO staining. To elucidate the mechanism of the effects of GL on lowering TG content in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we examined whether GL modulate the expressions of transcription factors and adipokines related to control of energy expenditure process because adipokines regulate adipocyte mass and increased expenditure may consume much TG in adipocytes. As a result, the expression of C/$EBP{\beta}$, C/$EBP{\delta}$, C/$EBP{\alpha}$, and $PPAR{\gamma}$, genes, which induce the adipose differentiation and adipose-specific FAS, aP2, and adipsin genes, which compose fat formation were decreased. In addition, GL increased the expression of leptin, UCP2, adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, resulting in energy homeostasis. In conclusion, GL could regulate transcript factor related to induction of adipose differentiation and control TG content by up-regulation of adipokines related to fat burn.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2011

Wild ginseng has been used as a traditional medicine for thousands of years and for increase physical strength in Korea, China and Japan. This study reports that cultivated wild ginseng (CWG) inhibits adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition of adipocyte differentiation is one possible anti-obesity strategy. CWG inhibits the expression of the adipocyte differentiation regulator peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR)${\gamma}$ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ${\alpha}$mRNA. It also inhibited the expression of PPAR${\gamma}$ and adiponectin at the protein level during the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into adipocytes. Additionally, CWG blocked the cell cycle at the sub-$G_1$ phase transition, causing cells to remain in the pre-adipocyte state. These results indicate that CWG inhibits adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis through pre-adipocyte cell cycle arrest in cultured 3T3-L1 cells.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1378-1382
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• 2004

Zinc (Zn) is a micromineral and functions as a cofactor of many enzymes and its deficiency induces retardation of growth and dysfunction of the immune system in animals. This study was conducted to determine lipogenic activity of Zn in bovine intramuscular adipocytes. Preadipocytes were isolated from intramuscular fat depots of 26 month old Korean (Hanwoo) steers and cultured in media containing Zn. At confluence, the cells were treated with insulin, dexamethasone, and 1-methyl-3-isobutyl-xanthine to induce differentiation (accumulation of lipid droplets in cells). The sources of Zn were zinc chloride (${ZnCl}_2$) and zinc sulfate (${ZnSO}_4$), and the final concentrations of both Zn sources were 0, 5, 25, 50 and 100 ${\mu}$M. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity, an index of adipocyte differentiation, was increased as the concentration of Zn in media increased showing the highest activity (25.74 ng/min/mg protein) at 25 ${\mu}$M of ${ZnSO}_4$. Supplementation of Zn during differentiation of bovine intramuscular adipocytes tended to decrease the production of nitric oxide (NO). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2(PPAR$\gamma$2) gene expression was increased 10 days after differentiation induction. The current results indicate that Zn has a strong lipogenic activity in cultured bovine intramuscular adipocytes with remarkable suppression of NO production.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.168-178
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• 2014

Objectives : Mahuang-Chuanwu(Mahwang-Cheonoh) Pharmacopuncture(MCP) has been used to treat obesity in Clinical Korean Medicine. MCP solution(MCPS) is also expected to have strong anti-obesity activities. However, little is known about the mechanisms of its inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis. Methods : In the present study, we examined the effects of MCPS on differentiation and lipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. To elucidate the mechanism of the effects of MCPS on lowering lipid content in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we examined whether MCPS modulates the expressions of transcription factors to induce lipogenesis and adipogenic genes related to regulate the accumulation of lipids. Results : Our results showed that MCPS significantly inhibited differentiation and lipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. MCPS suppressed the mRNA expressions of cytidine-cytidine-adenosine-adenosine-thymidine(CCAAT)/enhancer binding proteins ${\alpha}$($C/EBP{\alpha}$), C/EBP ${\beta}$, $C/EBP{\delta}$, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$($PPAR{\gamma}$) genes related to the induction of adipose differentiation. MCPS inhibited the mRNA expressions of adipose-specific aP2, adipsin, lipoprotein lipase(LPL), CD36, TGF-${\beta}$, and leptin genes related to the fat formation. MCPS downregulated the mRNA expressions of liver X receptor(LXR) ${\alpha}$ and fatty acid synthase(FAS) genes related to the induction of lipogenesis. In addition, MCPS reduced the production of adipocyte-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions : MCPS could regulate the accumulation of lipids and expression of adipogenic genes via inhibition of transcript factors related to induction of adipose differentiation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.289-294
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• 2017

Diabetes mellitus is associated with insulin resistance, which leads to down-regulation of insulin signaling and the decreased glucose uptake. Adipocytes are sensitive to insulin, and closely implicated in insulin resistance and diabetes. Insulin stimulates differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes, and increases glucose transport. Allium species have been used as traditional medicine and health-promoting foods. Allium hookeri (A. hookeri) is reported to improve the pancreatic ${\beta}-cell$ damage and exhibit pancreatic anti-inflammatory activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. We investigated whether A. hookeri extract (AHE) may stimulate glucose uptake in adipocytes through increasing insulin sensitivity. AHE enhanced fat accumulation, a differentiation biomarker, under the partial induction of differentiation by insulin. $PPAR{\gamma}$, a transcription factor highly expressed in adipocytes, promotes adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity. AHE increased the differentiation of preadipocytes through up-regulation of $PPAR{\gamma}$. The activation of $PPAR{\gamma}$ increases the GLUT4 expression during adipocyte differentiation. GLUT4 is responsible for glucose uptake into the adipocytes. AHE increased the expression of GLUT4 in adipocytes, and subsequently enhanced the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. These results suggest that AHE promotes adipocyte differentiation through activation of $PPAR{\gamma}$, and leads to enhance glucose uptake in adipocytes along with GLUT4 up-regulation. Thus, AHE may be effective for the insulin-sensitizing and anti-diabetic activities.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.225-232
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• 2021

Obesity is caused by the accumulation of triglycerides in adipocytes by the differentiation and lipid synthesis process of pre-adipocytes, and excessive accumulation of adipocytes by the activated Adipogenesis process within the differentiated cells. Therefore, inhibiting the differentiation of adipocyte cells or controlling the adipogenesis process is known as an effective treatment method for obesity. This study evaluates the inhibition of Red beet root extract on pancreatic lipase and pre-adipocyte cell differentiation. Also it evaluates the Red beet root extract activities on C/EBP-𝛼,𝛽, and PPAR-𝛄. The experiments proved that the Red beet root extract inhibits pancreatic lipase by concentration dependency. Further, in 3T3-L1 inhabitation experiment, it was found Red beet root extract inhibited adipocyte formation. Red beet root extract also inhibits the expression of C/EBP-𝛼, C/EBP-𝛽, and PPAR-𝛾 which effect the process of adipocytic differentiation. We therefore concluded that RBE has a high potential to further studies on anti-obesity effect.