• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.490-495
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• 2016

Brefeldin A (BFA)는 Eupenicillium brefeldianum에서 분리한 lactone계열의 항생제이며 ER에서 Golgi로 단백질 이송/전달을 억제히는 기능이 있다. 따라서 BFA를 세포에 처리 시 Golgi 기능 장애와 ER에서 단백질의 폴딩/조립의 문제로 인하여 ER에 기능 장애가 발생하는데 이를 소포체 스트레스(ER stress)라고 한다. 본 연구에서는 정상 astrocyte 세포와 C6 glioma 세포에서의 BFA처리에 따라 ER stress marker 단백질인 CHOP 발현 차이를 확인하였다. BFA 처리 시 CHOP 발현이 정상 astrocyte 세포에서 C6 glioma 세포에 비해 현저히 낮은 발현을 확인하였다. 하지만 CHOP mRNA 발현에서는 astrocyte 세포에서 발현 됨을 RT-PCR로 확인하였다. C6 glioma 세포와 비교하여 astrocyte 세포에서 BFA유도의 CHOP 단백질 발현이 낮은 원인은 proteasome 활성이 높음으로 기인됨을 proteasome inhibitor 실험과 proteasome 활성 측정을 통하여 확인하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.467-477
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• 2001

We examined astrocyte regional heterogeneity in their morphological changes in response to various stimuli. Astrocytes were cultured from six different neonatal rat brain regions including cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, mid brain, brain stem and hypothalamus. Astrocyte stellation was induced by serum deprivation and the maximum stellation in different regional astrocytes was achieved after 2 h. After 24 h, in all astrocyte cultures, the level of stellation returned to their original level. Cerebellar or hypothalamic astrocytes were the most or the least sensitive, respectively, to serum deprivation. The order of maximum sensitivity to serum deprivation among different regional astrocytes was: cerebellum＞mid $brain{\ge}hippocampus,\;brain\;stem{\ge}cerebral$ cortex＞hypothalamus. Isoproterenol-induced astrocyte stellation was also examined in different regional astrocytes, and similar order of maximum sensitivity as in serum deprivation was observed. Next a possible developmental effect on astrocyte morphological changes was examined in cerebral cortex and cerebellum astrocytes cultured from postnatal day 1 (P1), P4 and P7 rat brains. A much higher sensitivity of cerebellum astrocytes to serum deprivation as well as isoproterenol treatment was consistently observed in P1, P4 and P7-derived astrocytes compared to cerebral cortex astrocytes. The present study demonstrates different regional astrocytes maintain different levels of morphological plasticity in vitro.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.177-188
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• 1996

The effects of cytokines on the growth and differentiation of glial cells in culture were evaluated to confirm that cytokines could modify the number and function of glial cells. Proliferation of glial cells was determined by the $^3H-thymidine$ uptake and the double immunostain with anti-cell specific marker and anti-bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU) antibody. To check the effect on the differentiation of glial cells, the amount of glial fibrillar acidic protein(GFAP) and the activity of glutamine synthetase(GS) were measured in astrocytes. And also the amounts of myelin basic protein(MBP) and the activity of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase(CNPase) were measured in oligodendrocytes. Among the cytokines used, only interleukin-$1{\beta}(IL-1{\beta})$ stimulated the growth of type 1 and type 2 astrocyte as well as 0-2A precursor cell. When the functional changes in these glial cells by cytokines were tested, $IL-1{\beta}$ did not increase GFAP content in type 1 and type 2 astrocyte, but $IL-1{\beta}$ increased GS activity in type 1 astrocyte, and slightly decreased this enzyme activity in type 2 astrocyte. Also interleukin-2(IL-2) and $interferon-{\gamma}$ $(IFN-{\gamma})$ inhibited the activity of GS in type 1 and type 2 astrocyte. On the other hand, all cytokines used did not modify the growth and differentiation in oligodendrocytes. From these results we could suggest that $IL-1{\beta}$ increases the growth of type 1 and type 2 astrocyte and also promotes the development for 0-2A precursor cell to type 2 astrocyte.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.32-35
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• 2019

[Purpose] Fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5)/irisin is an exercise-induced myokine, which contributes to cognitive functions. However, the relationship between the neuroprotective effects of FNDC5/irisin and hippocampal dendritic remodeling and astrocyte-secreted factors remains unclear. Therefore, we explored whether subchronic recombinant irisin treatment affected hippocampal morphology and some astrocyte-derived molecules. [Methods] Mice were intraperitoneally injected with irisin (0.5 μg/kg/day) for seven days, followed by their sacrifice two days later. Hippocampal morphometric parameters were analyzed and pgc-1a, fndc5, bdnf, and some astrocyte-derived factors mRNA levels were measured. [Results] Dendritic length, arborization, and spine density were enhanced by irisin regimen in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas. Hippocampal pgc-1a, fndc5, and bdnf mRNA levels were significantly increased by irisin treatment. Moreover, hevin mRNA levels were significantly enhanced, whereas tgf-b1 levels downregulated by irisin treatment. [Conclusion] FNDC5/irisin has dendritogenic activity probably through hevin induction and TGF-β1 suppression.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.167-178
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• 2008

Object : Gliosis becomes a physical and mechanical barrier to axonal regeneration. Reactive gliosis induced by hypoxic brain injury is involved with up-regulation of CD81 and GFAP. The current study was to examine the effect of the Angelica Sinens on CD81 and GFAP regulation after hypoxic brain injury in the astrocyte. Methods : MTT assay was performed to examine cell viability, and cell based ELISA, western blot and PCR were used to detect the expression of CD81 and GFAP. Results : The following results were obtained: 1. Using ELISA, western blot and PCR from the astrocyte after hypoxic injury, CD81 and GFAP expression was seen to have increased. 2. After the administration of Angelica Sinens extract to astrocyte following hypoxic injury, CD81 and GFAP expression was down regulated significantly. The water extract of Angelica Sinens prevented cell destruction by hypoxic induced with $CoCl_2$. Conclusion : These results indicate that Angelica Sinens could suppress reactive gliosis, which disturbs astrocyte regeneration after hypoxic brain injury by controlling the expression of CD81 and GFAP.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.155-167
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• 2005

Cobrotoxin의 항염증 치료 기전에 대해 연구하기 위하여 성상세포에 LPS 및 SNP로 염증을 유도한 후 NF-${\kappa}B$와 DNA의 결합 능력, NF-kB Dependent Luciferase 발현, Astrocyte의 세포활성, NF-${\kappa}B$ 구성 단백질인 P50, P-$1{\kappa}B$, $1{\kappa}BB$ 및 염증(炎症)관련 유전자(遺傳子)인 Cox-2, iNOS, cPLA2의 발현과 GSH와 DTT로 sulf-hydryl기를 환원시 NF-${\kappa}B$와 DNA의 결합 능력, NF-${\kappa}B$ 구성 단백질인 P50 발현에 미치는 영향과 Cobrotoxin의 성상세포 내 유입 등을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. LPS 로 염증을 유발한 후 NF-${\kappa}B$와 DNA의 결합 능력을 관찰한 결과 Cobrotoxin 0.1${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군, Astrocyte 내에서의 Cobrotoxin 0.1, 0.5${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에서 모두 대조군에 비하여 유의한 억제를 나타내었다. 2. LPS로 염증을 유발한 후 Astrocyte 내에서 NF-${\kappa}B$ Dependent Luciferase 발현을 살펴본 결과 Cobrotoxin 모든 처리군에서 대조군에 비하여 유의한 억제를 나타내었다. 3. SNP로 염증을 유발한 후 Cobrotoxin이 NF-${\kappa}B$ 구성 단백질인 P50, P-$1{\kappa}B$, $1{\kappa}B$ 발현에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 P50와 $1{\kappa}B$는 Cobrotoxin 0.1, 0.5 및 $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 모든 처리군에서 대조군에 비하여 유의한 억제를 나타내었고, P-$1{\kappa}B$는 Cobrotoxin $0.1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에서 대조군에 비하여 억제를, Cobrotoxin 0.5, $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에서 각각 대조군에 비하여 유의한 억제를 나타내었다. 4. LPS로 염증을 유발한 후 Cobrotoxin이 NF-${\kappa}B$ 구성 단백질인 P50, P-$1{\kappa}B$, $1{\kappa}B$ 발현에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 P50와 $1{\kappa}B$는 Cobrotoxin 0.5, $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에서 각각 대조군에 비하여 유의한 억제를 나타내었다. 5. SNP로 염증을 유발한 후 Cobrotoxin이 염증(炎症) 관련 유전자(遺傳子)인 Cox-2, iNOS, cPLA2 발현에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 Cox-2, iNOS, cPLA2 모두 Cobrotoxin $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에서 대조군에 비하여 유의한 억제를 나타내었다. 6. LPS로 염증을 유발한 후 Cobrotoxin이 염증(炎症) 관련 견전자(遣傳子)인 Cox-2, iNOS, cPLA2 발현에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 Cox-2와 cPLA2의 경우 Cobrotoxin 0.1, 0.5 및 $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 모든 처리군에서, iNOS의 경우 Cobrotoxin 0.5, $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에서 대조군에 비하여 유의한 억제를 나타내었다. 7. Astrocyte내에서 SNP로 염증을 유발한 후 GSH와 DTT로 sulf-hydryl기를 환원하여 NF-${\kappa}B$와 BNA의 결합 능력을 관찰한 결과 Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$과 DTT 1mM Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$과 DTT 5mM의 동시처리군은 각각 Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에 비하여 유의한 증가를 나타내었다. 8. Astrocyte 내에서 LPS로 염증을 유발한 후 GSH와 DTT로 sulf-hydryl기를 환원하여 NF-${\kappa}B$와 DNA의 결합 능력을 관찰한 결과 cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$과 DTT 1mM Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$과 DTT 5mM의 동시처리군과 Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$과 GSH 1mM Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$과 GSH 5mM의 동시처리군 모두에서 Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에 비하여 유의한 증가를 나타내었다. 9. Astrocyte 내에서 SNP로 염증을 유발한 후 GSH와 DTT로 sulf-hydryl기 환원시 NF-${\kappa}B$ 구성 단백질인 P50 발현에 미치는 영향을 관찰한 결과 SNP, Cobrotoxin $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$와 DTT 1 또는 5mM 동시처리군과 SNP, Cobrotoxin $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$와 GSH 1 또는 5mM 동시처리군 모두에서 Cobrotoxin $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 처리군에 비하여 발현의 유의한 증가를 나타내었다. 10. Cobrotoxin의 세포 내 유입 확인을 살펴본 결과 Astrocyte 내에서 Cobrotoxin이 세포내로 유입되는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 보아 Cobrotoxin 처리는 성상 세포 들을 대상을 LPS 및 SNP로 유도된 NF-${\kappa}B$ 관련 염증 기전과 iNOS, COX-2, cPLA2와 같은 염증관련 유전자의 발현 및 NO, PGE2,에 유의한 변동을 나타내었고, 이들 결과는 Cobrotoxin의 항염증 효과 및 그 치료기전에 대하여 입증한 것이며, 향후 안전성 연구를 바탕으로 신경계 및 심혈관계 염증치료에 약침개발과 같은 적극적인 활용이 기대된다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.117-121
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• 2013

Mitochondrion is an important intracellular organelle controlling energy production essential for cell survival. In addition, it is closely related to cellular apoptosis and necrosis. Linear, branched, circular, and ball-shaped mitochondria have been reported. Recent research suggests that mitochondrial morphology may reflect functional status of the cell. In this study, we investigated the density and ratio of the each morphological categories of mitochondria in a few normal cultured cells; astrocyte, HeLa and COS7 cells, of which metabolic activities are different, with high voltage electron microscopy. The absolute number and relative number per unit area of mitochondria was largest in astrocyte. But, the proportion of different mitochondrial shape was similar among cells. These results shows the numerical profiles but not morphological profiles of mitochondria are related to the metabolic activity of each cell line.

• 약학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.124-128
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• 2006

Astrocyte has emerged as an active regulator of brain function, which connects between blood vessels and neurons as well as is a structural component of the blood-brain barrier, From its structural characteristics, astrocyte seems to sensitively respond to oxygen tension, and, in turn, generate diverse cellular cascades. Therefore, to reveal astrocytlc events by oxygen change, we screened genes whose expressions are upregulated under reoxygenation after hypoxic stress using cDNA representational difference analysis (RDA) technique. Meteorin that regulates glial differentiation was isolated from primary cultured rat astrocytes as a hypoxia/reoxygenation regulatory factor. We cloned rat version of Meteorin (rMe-teorin) and determined full-size sequences of rMeteorin. In addition, RT-PCR analysis revealed that Meteorin was increased under reoxygenation in astrocytes and highly expressed in the developing brain. Collectively, these results suggest that Meteorin may regulate astrocyte-mediated effects in response to the change of oxygen tension in the pathophysiological states.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2003년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.123-123
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• 2003

Primary cultures of rat fetus brain exhibit phenotypes of neuron, oligodendrocyte, and astrocyte from "neurospheres". To understand the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in the differentiation of neurosphere-derived astrocyte, we investigated the effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on the cultured astrocyte morphology.(omitted)

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2013

Objectives : LI11 has been known to suppress epileptic seizure. Using an mouse epilepsy model, we investigated whether acupuncture stimulation at LI11 can suppress kainic acid(KA)-induced epileptic seizure and apoptosis in the mouse hippocampus. Methods : Eight-week-old male C57/BL6 mice(20~25 g) were given acupuncture at LI11 or ST36 once a day for 3 days. After the last acupuncture stimulations, KA(30 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally and the degree of seizure was observed for 90 minutes. Twenty-four hours after KA administration, mice were sacrificed and the neural cell death, astrocyte activation and caspase-3 expression in their hippocampi were investigated. Results : Acupuncture stimulation at LI11 suppressed KA-induced epileptic seizure, neuronal cell death, astrocyte activation and caspase-3 expression. Conclusions : Acupuncture stimulation at LI11 decreases the KA-induced epileptic seizure and protects hippocampal cell death via regulating astrocyte activation and caspase-3 expression.