• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 1993

The central nervous system depressant effect of xylazine and xylazine-ketamine was studied in chicken and mice. Intraperitoneal injection of xylazine(1~30 mg/kg) and xylazine(1~30 mg/kg)-ketamine(100 mg/kg) induced a loss of the righting reflex in chicken and mice, respectively. These effects of xylazine were dose-dependent. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The effect of xylazine-induced depression was antagonized by adrenergic antagonists having ${\alpha}_2$-blocking activity(yohimbine, tolazoline, piperoxan and phentolamine). 2. Yohimbine was most effective in the reduction of the CNS depression by xylazine. 3. Phenoxybenzamine and prazosin did not reduced CNS depression by xylazine in both species. 4. Labetalol (${\alpha}_1$, ${\beta}_1$-adrenergic antagonist) and propranolol(${\beta}$-adrenergic blocking agent) were not effective in reducing xylazine induced depression. 5. Cholinergic blocking agents (atropine and mecamylamine), a dopaminergic antagonist (Haloperidol), a histamine $H_1$-antagonist(chlorpheniramine), a histamine $H_2$-antagonist(cimetidine), a serotonergic-histamine $H_1$ antagonist(cyproheptadine) were not effective in reducing xylazine-induced depression. 6. Xylazine-induced depression is mediated by ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptors and appears not to be involved in cholinergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic or histaminergic pathways.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.648-655
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• 2003

In this study, the effects of Gamgung-tang gamibang on the hyperthyroidism induced by the intraperitoneal injection of 3,5,3-triiodothyronine was examined by the measurement of physical changes, body weight, the volume of food intake and rectal temperature, and heart weight, heart beat, blood pressure with contrast to propranolol, one of beta-blocking agents. the obtained results were as follows. The Gamgung-tang gamibang extract showed to inhibit the decrease of body weight and rectal temperature, and decrease the food intake, so the inhibitory effects of Gamgung-tang gamibang extract on the experimental hyperthyroidism were exhibited. The Gamgung-tang gamibang extract showed the inhibitory effects on the circulatory functions changed and enhanced by the experimental induced hyperthyroidism, the action of Gamgung-tang gamibang extract was less effective than the propranolol of D-CONT group. The Gamgung-tang gamibang extract showed significant effects to inhibit the concentration of serum thyroid houmone, more effective than the propranolol, beta-blocking agents. The Gamgung-tang gamibang extract showed the effective inhibitory reaction on the biochemical changes in serum, cholesterol, ketone bodies, free fatty acid, glucose in hyperthyroid rats induced by 3,5,3-triiodothyronine.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 1972

The author studied the adrenotropic receptors of isolated vas deferens from Ditrema temmincki Bleeker, using adrenergic activators such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol and phenylephrine, and adrenergic blocking agents such as phenoxybenzamine and propranolol. The results are as follows: 1. The vas deferens was stimulated by epinephrine, norepinephrine and phenylephrine, but not affected by isoproterenol. 2. The excitatory effect of phenylephrine on the vas deferens was completely blocked by phenoxybenzamine, but more stimulated by propranolol. 3. The excitatory effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine were markedly reduced by phenoxybenzamine, but stimulated by propranolol. 4. The vas deferens pretreated with phenoxybenzamine and propranolol was not affected by epinephrine and norepinephrine. 5. The vas deferens was not affected by isoproterenol and also not affected by the pretreatment with either kind of blocking agent plus isoproterenol. 6. It seemed that the vas deferens had both alpha-excitatory receptor and beta-receptor, but it was difficult to detect the character of beta-receptor whether it was inhibitory or excitatory.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.174-178
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• 1975

The intermediate, 17${\alpha}$-methyl-4-aza-5${\alpha}$-androstan-17${\beta}$-ol(Ⅸ) required for the synthesis of 4-(${\beta}$-guanidinoethyl)-17${\alpha}$-methyl-4-aza-5${\alpha}$-androstan-17${\beta}$-ol(V) was obtained through a reaction of 17${\alpha}$-methyl-3,5-seco-4-norandrostan-17${\beta}$-ol-5-on-3-oic acid(VI) with ammonium hydroxide followed by two reductions(platinum dioxide with hydrogen and lithium aluminium hydride). Condensation of Ⅸ with chloroacetonitrile under anhydrous condition, followed by reduction of the nitrile with lithium aluminium hydride gave 4-(${\beta}$-aminoethyl)-17${\alpha}$-methyl-4-aza-5${\alpha}$-androstan-17${\beta}$-ol(XI). The reaction of XI with 2-methyl-2-thiopseudourea or 3,5-dimethylpyrazole-1-carboxamidine, or cyanamide provided the title compound, V. Relaxation of the nictitating membrane, in the absence of mydriasis, is considered to be evidence of adrenergic neurone blockade. Thus the test compound(V) resembles that of the classical adrenergic neurone blocking agents.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.514-519
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• 2009

Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) plays a key role in monocyte /macrophage infiltration to the sub-endothelial space of the blood vessel wall, which is a critical initial step in atherosclerosis. In this study, we examined $interleukin-1{\bate}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$) induced MCP1 expressions via activation of transcription factor $NF-{\kappa}B$ in primary human aorta smooth muscle cells. We determined the effect of several anti-inflammatory agents on $IL-1{\beta}-induced$ MCP1 expression. The pretreatment of luteolin significantly suppressed $IL-1{\beta}-induced$ MCP1 expressions through blocking activation and translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ to the nucleus.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.115-119
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• 1969

The authors studied the adrenotropic receptors of isolated urinary bladder from Sebastes inermis, using adrenergic activators such as epinephrine, nor-epinephrine, isoproterenol and phenylephrine and adrenergic blocking agents such as phenoxybenzamine, pronethalol and propranolol. The studies have revealed the following results. 1) The spontaneous motility of isolated bladder from Sebastes inermis was inhibited by epinephrine nor-epinephrine, isoproterenol and phenylephrine. 2) The inhibitory effect of phenylephrine on the Sebastes inermis bladder was blocked by phenoxybensamine. 3) The inhibitory effect of isoproterenol was blocked by pronethalol and propranolol. 4) The effect of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine on the Sebastes inermis bladder was usually not blocked by either kind of blocking agent alone, but was blocked by a combination of ${\alpha}\;and\;{\beta}$ blockades. 5) It is, therefore, concluded that the Sebastes inermis bladder has alpha and that both receptors, and that both receptors subserve retaxation or inhibition.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.1 s.26
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• pp.35-39
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• 1980

In this study, the effects of phenoxybenzamine and related drugs on the action of CCK-PZ and caerulein were examined in isolated gall bladder of guinea pig and higher esophagus strip of fowl. The strips were placed in a bath containing Locke-Ringer solution maintained at $38^{\circ}C$. Oxygen was continuously bubbled through the solution. The contractile response was measured isometrically by a force displacement transducer connected to polygraph. In isolated gall bladder preparation caerulein produced contractile response of CCK-PZ type, but the relative potency on a weight basis was 30 times stronger than CCK-PZ. The response of caerulein or CCK-PZ was not blocked by cholinergic blocking agent and both alpha and beta adrenergic blockades, however, the response of caerulein or CCK-PZ was exceptionally blocked by phenoxybenzamine. In isolated esophagus strip CCK-PZ with high concentration produced marked contraction which was not modified by atropine and other blocking agents, whereas the response was blocked by phenoxybenzamine. These results lead to the conclusion that phenoxybenzamine inherently inhibits the contractile response of CCK-PZ and caerulein on esophagus and other smooth muscle.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.88-91
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• 2013

A 36-year-old man visited Yeungnam University Hospital with a sudden onset of palpitation, headache, and was found to be hypertensive. Chest radiography showed a 6 cm sized mass lesion on the posterior mediastinum. A biochemical study showed elevated levels of catecholamines. An I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine scan revealed a hot uptake lesion on the posterior mediastinum. The patient was prepared for surgery with ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ blocking agents. Two months later, we removed the tumor successfully. A histological study proved that the resected tumor was mediastinal pheochromocytoma. Functional mediastinal pheochromocytomas are rare. Therefore, we reported the case with a literature review.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1967

Supplemental studies were made on the adrenotropic receptors of the rat uterus, using adrenergic activators such as phenylephrine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and isoproterenol and adrenergic blocking agents such as phenoxybenzamine and inderal. The studies have revealed the following results : 1. Phenylephrine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and isoproterenol inhibited the spontaneous motility of the isolated rat uterus in the following order : Isoproterenol>epinephrine>norepinephrine>phenylephrine. 2. The inhibitory responses of the isolated rat uterus to phenylephrine and epinephrine were abolished by the pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine. 3. The inhibitory responses of the isolated rat uterus to isoproterenol and epinephrine were not affected by phenoxybenzamine. 4. The motility of the isolated rat uterus pretreated with inderal was stimulated by phenylephrine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. 5. The inhibitory responses of the isolated rat uterus to isoproterenol were abolished by the pretreatment with inderal. 6. The motility of the isolated rat uterus pretreated with inderal and phenoxybenzamine was not affected by phenylephrine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. 7. It is, therefore, concluded that the rat uterus has both alpha excitatory and beta inhibitory receptors, with beta inhibitory receptors predominating.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.237-243
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• 1995

The effects of various autonomic blocking agents to perivascular nerve stimulation were investigated on isolated coronary artery of pig. 1. The magnitude of contractile response to perivascular nerve stimulation increased with increasing frequency(280Hz) of stimulation. 2. The contractions to perivascular nerve stimulation(40V, 40Hz, 0.5msec, 1min) were increased by pretreatment of the cholinestrase inhibitor, physostigmine. 3. The contraction to perivascular nerve stimulation(40V, 40Hz, 0.5msec, 1min) was antagonised by the muscarinic antagonist, atropine. 4. The contraction to perivascular nerve stimulation(40V, 40Hz, 0.5msec, 1min) was blocked by the neural blocker, tetrodotoxin. 5. The contractions to perivascular nerve stimulation(40V, 40Hz, 0.5msec, 1min) were not significantly affected by the ${\alpha}$-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine or ${\beta}$-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol. 6. The contractile response by the acetylcholine was increased by the pretreatment of cholinestrase inhibitor, physostigmine. This findings suggest that the powerful excitatory action by the perivascular nerve stimulation may be linked to muscarinic receptor by cholinergic nerve excitation in coronary artery of pig.