• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2012

Objectives: Cigarette smoking is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Bilirubin is a potent antioxidant and its concentration decreases in smokers. However, studies about the association between cigarette smoking and bilirubin are scarce and most are limited to total bilirubin. Additionally, bilirubin is highly related to hemoglobin. Therefore, this study evaluates the association between bilirubin subtypes and cigarette smoking in healthy Korean men independently of hemoglobin. Methods: This study included 48 040 Korean men aged 30 to 87 years who visited the Korea Medical Institute for routine health examinations from January to December, 2007. The association of smoking with total, direct, and indirect bilirubin was assessed by logistic regression analysis taking into consideration differences in subjects and smoking characteristics. Results: Current smokers had lower bilirubin concentrations than never-smokers and ex-smokers. Smoking amount and duration were inversely significantly associated with total, direct, and indirect bilirubin. In a multivariable adjusted model, compared to never-smokers, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of current smokers with the highest number of pack-years were 1.7 (1.6 to 1.9) for total, 1.5 (1.4 to 1.6) for direct, and 1.7 (1.6 to 1.9) for indirect bilirubin. After further adjustment for hemoglobin, this association became stronger (OR [95% CI], 2.1 [1.9 to 2.2] for total; 1.9 [1.8 to 2.0] for direct; 2.0 [1.9 to 2.2] for indirect bilirubin). Conclusions: In this study, bilirubin subtypes are inversely associated with smoking status, smoking amount, and smoking duration in healthy Korean men independently of hemoglobin. Further studies are needed to investigate this association in healthy Korean women.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.112-115
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• 1985

3-Aminopropylsilated silica gel bound hemin, biliverdin, and bilirubin were synthesized by reacting 3-aminopropyl silated silica gel with hemin, biliverdin and bilirubin respectively. The aspects of binding of bilirubin to amino group of 3-aminopropylsilated silica gel were studied using the above synthetic silica immobilized hemin, biliverdin and bilirubin, and oxodipyrromethene.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.672-676
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• 1993

DMF 용액 중에서 zinc(II) 이온과 copper(II) 이온의 bilirubin과의 착물형성 여부를 조사하고 Zn(II)-bilirubin(이하 Zn(II)-BR로 줄임) 착물의 전기화학적 성질을 여러가지 전기화학적인 방법으로 조사하였다. Zn(II)는 DMF 용액 중에서 bilirubin과 착물을 형성하였으나, Cu(II)는 bilirubin과 착물을 형성하지 않고 오히려 bilirubin의 산화를 촉진시켰다. Zn-BR 착물은 3단계의 환원과정을 거치며, 제1파와 제2파의 환원전류는 반응성 전류가 약간 포함된 환산전류이었으며, 제3파의 환원전류는 확산지배적인 전류이었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.158-162
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• 1993

토양에서 분리한 bilirubin oxidase를 생산하는 Penicillium sp. LAM 91-89의 배양액으로부터 효소를 정제하여 여러가지 성질을 조사하였다. LAM 91-89 billirubin oxidase는 $ethanol(40{\sim}80%)$ 추출 및 2회의 Sephadex G-200 column chromatography로 약 70배 정제하였으며 회수율은 12%였다. 이 효소는 분자량이 약 53,000 dalton이었으며 $40^{\circ}C$, pH 8.5에서 최대의 활성을 보였고 pH 6에서 10까지의 넓은 범위와 $40^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 안정하였다. 또 효소의 활성이 $Mg^{2+}$에 의해서 증가하였으며 $Ag^+,\;Hg^{2+},\;Mn^{2+},\;Pb^{2+}$, p-CMB, iodoacetate 및 SDS에 의해서 저해되었다. 그리고 이 효소는 bilirubin에 대한 특이성이 컸으며 bilirubin에 대한 $K_m$값은 $6.67{\mu}M$이였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.23-27
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• 1974

Concentration of total protein, bilirubin, sodium and potassium in blood sera, and thymol turbidity of race horses, 78 males and 57 females aging from 2 to 5 years, were estimated. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Serum of race horses was low in protein concentrations as mean values of $5.48{\pm}0.77$ g/100ml. 2. Serum bilirubin was in normal range as mean values of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin were $1.05{\pm}0.57$, $0.12{\pm}0.05$ and $0.93{\pm}0.58$ mg/100ml, respectively. 3. Mean value of serum thymol turbidity was $1.41{\pm}0.72$ S-H unit. 4. Mean values of serum sodium and potassium of race horses from Australia were $143{\pm}8.7$ and $3.85{\pm}0.53$ mEq/liter, respectively, and mean values of serum sodium and patassium of race horses from Japan were $142{\pm}9.4$ and $3.58{\pm}0.60$ mEq/liter, respectively.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.36-36
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• 1999

From January 1994 to April 1997, there was 15 survivals who was admitted to the department of internal medicine, Wonkwang Oriental Medicine' Hospital in Cheun-ju, after ingestion of paraquat, and treated with Oriental and western medicine therapy. For the patients, I investigated clinical symptoms, gastroduodenoscopy, intake by oral and parenteral route, and output by urine and stool, serum ALP, AST. ALT, Bilirubin, BUN, Creatinine level and urine analysis. On admission day, the LFT level was as follows. The serum mean ALP, AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin was 10.05${\pm}$2.75 KAU, 66.67${\pm}$9.88 IU／L, 43.80${\pm}$7.74 IU／L, 1.89${\pm}$1.22 ㎎／dl and 1.10${\pm}$1.14 ㎎／dl respectively. After that day, administered Gamdutang and checked the mean LFT level regullary. Until the 3rd day, the mean ALP, AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin level was 11.0l${\pm}$3.16 KAU, 56.47${\pm}$7.19 IU／L, 59.00${\pm}$7.57 IU／L, 2.54${\pm}$1.78 ㎎／dl, 1.64${\pm}$1.59 ㎎／dl respectively. From 4th day to 7th day, the mean ALP; AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin level was 12.51${\pm}$3.49 KAU, 77.85${\pm}$7.17 IU／L, 58.00${\pm}$9.09 IU／L, 2.54${\pm}$1.97 ㎎／dl, and 1.80${\pm}$1.81 ㎎／dl respectively. From 8th day to 10th day, the mean ALP, AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin level was 12.43${\pm}$3.14 KAU, 41.13${\pm}$6.49 IU／L, 50.40${\pm}$7.17 IU／L, 1.66${\pm}$1.90 ㎎／dl and 1.14${\pm}$1.50 ㎎／dl respectively. From 11th day to 14th day, the mean ALP, AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin level was 12.30${\pm}$3.25 KAU, 31.07${\pm}$3.85 IU／L, 43.33${\pm}$5.49 IU／L, 1.62${\pm}$1.95 ㎎／dl, 1.17${\pm}$1.71 ㎎／dl respectvely. On admission day, the mean RFT level as follows. Serum BUN and Creatinine level was 28.73${\pm}$5.19 ㎎／dl and 1.82${\pm}$1.27 ㎎／dl respectively. After that day, administered Gamdutang and checked the mean RFT level regullary. Until the 3rd day, the mean BUN and Creatinine level was 32.12${\pm}$5.65 ㎎／dl and 2.31${\pm}$0.45 ㎎／dl respectively. From 4th day to 7th day, the mean BUN and Creatinine level was 31.07${\pm}$5.47 ㎎／dl and 1.92${\pm}$0.79 ㎎／dl respectively. From 7th day to 10th day, the mean BUN and Creatinine level was 17.47${\pm}$3.57 ㎎／dl and 1.33${\pm}$0.59 ㎎／dl respectively. From 11th day to 14th day, the mean BUN and Creatinine level was 11,93${\pm}$3.16 ㎎／dl, 1.27${\pm}$0.38 ㎎／dl respectively.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.170-179
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• 1993

Three hundred consecutive adult patients having cardioaortic surgery under the cardiopulmonary bypass for a variety of cardioaortic lesions were evaluated retrospectively for postoperative hyperbilirubinemia[above 5mg/100ml].We found twenty eight patients with postoperative hyperbilirubinemia and divided them into two groups according to the postoperative day of peak s-bilirubin .Group A was the patients with a peak s-bilirubin level within three days ,and group B above three days postoperatively.Group B was divided into group S[survive] and group D[death] . We had compaired the survival & death group and observed the correlation between the decreasing tendency of postoperative s-bilirubin & the nutrition per os in group B. The incidence of postoperative hyperbilirubinemia,as defined by a s-bilirubin concentration of 5.0mg/100ml or greater,was 9.3%.The mortality rates of group A & B were 0.0% and 35.7% respectively.Important contributing factors between group A & B were the age,duration of ICU,Max.DOAB[maximum dose of catecholamine used],amount of blood transfused during or shortly after surgery and preoperative pulmonary hypertension[main pulmonary artery pressure > 30mmHg] and backward heart failure. The risking factors of group D compared to group S were as follows the age,preoperative & postoperative SGOT[serum glutamic-oxaloacetic trasaminase],postoperative total & indirect bilirubin,cardiopulmonary bypass time,duration of ICU & mechanical ventilation ,Max.DOAB,preoperative pulmonary hypertension and backward heart failure.The six patients in group B showed good correlation between the decreasing point of s-bilirubin and the starting day of oral or tube feeding.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.340-344
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• 1990

미소 백금전극을 작업전극으로 사용하여 0.1 M TEAP-DMSO 용액 중에서 Bilirubin(BR)의 산화반응의 전압전류법적 파라미터에 미치는 압력의 영향을 조사하였다. 1기압에서 1,800기압까지 압력을 증가함에 따라 산화파의 봉우리 전위는 양전위쪽으로 이동하였다. 또 압력의 증가에 따라 봉우리 전류는 계속적으로 감소하였다. BR의 산화전류는 확산지배적인 전류임을 알 수 있었다. 압력증가에 따라서 산화반응의 가역성은 거의 영향을 받지 않았다. 또한 실험 압력범위내(1~1,800기압)에서 산화파의 봉우리 전류와 Bilirubin의 농도 사이에는 좋은 직선성이 성립하였다.

• 대한핵의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한핵의학회 1975년도 제14차 학술대회
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• pp.84.1-84.1
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• 1975

• 약학회지
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.270-281
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• 2010

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is necessary to neonates in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for survival and growth because of impossible of enteral feeding. Long-term TPN can be associated with a broad spectrum of hepatobiliary disorder, ranging from mild hepatic dysfunction to severe end-stage liver disease. Cholestasis developed most commonly in neonate, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is widely used in adult with cholestatic and non-cholestatic liver diseases but there have been limited data on the effects in neonate with PNAC. This study was performed retrospectively to review all medical histories of the total 30 neonates with was administrated UDCA for treatment to parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC) at Chungbuk National University Hospital NICU from April 2002 to December 2008. UDCA was administrated at bilirubin is over 2 mg/dl. The criterias for drug evaluation were included hepatic biochemical marker such as direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALP and GGT, TPN therapy period, cholestasis development period, UDCA treatment period, UDCA dosage and adverse effect. In the results, Post-UDCA treatment significant was decreased direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, AST and ALP (p<0.05), and was decreased GGT (p>0.05) and slightly was increased ALT (p>0.05). Reffective timect biDCA was appear at mean $10.5{\pm}1.3$ days, iDCA administration period was mean $64.4{\pm}5.9$ days, cholestasis period was mean $71.9{\pm}6.4$ days and UDCA dosage was mean $22.9{\pm}0.9$ mg/kg/day. Common adverse effects is diarrhea, 5 patients arised mild diarrhea but it possible also related with increased enteral feeding. In conclusion, iDCA can decrease direct bilirubin that major parameter t bcholestasis and oher hepatic biochemical makers. UDCA is effective on PNAC without any serious side effect and cost-effective. Although no greatly shortening cholestasis period, but can protect to develop into severe liver disease and other complication or death. Based on these result, UDCA is recommended for treatment of cholestasis at direct bilirubin is over 2 mg/dl.