• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.58-66
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• 1997

In order to evaluate the exact effect of detergency it is necessary both to measure the actual soil content by chemical analysis and to determine the degree of soil removal visually. Since it takes considerable time and effort to use both methods, usually one of the two methods is used. Many studies have been carried out through increasing the visibility of oily soil to evaluate detergency by measuring reflectance of fabrics. In this study Sudan Black B, an oil soluble dye was used as an indicator to increase the visibility of oily soil on cotton and polyester fabrics. The condition of artificially soiled fabrics and the method of evaluating detergency were investigated which represent the actual detergency of oily soil by measuring the reflectance only. Also the detergency of Sudan Black B and that of oily soil were compared with each other under various washing conditions, As a result, the K/S values converted from the reflectances showed a good correlation with the actual soil content. Linear relationship between K/S value and the actual soil content was obtained. The K/S values of washed fabrics were higher than those of unwashed fabrics which included same content of soil since the soil visibility changed during washing. But the difference was small when Sudan Black B was used. With the increase of soil content, detergency of cotton fabric decreased, but detergency of polyester fabric increased gradually. With regards to soiled fabrics, detergency of cotton fabric measured by K/S value was close to that of actual oily soil when Sudan black B was used as an indicator.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.1135-1141
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• 2018

Volume changes of soils induced by inorganic acids cause severe foundation and superstructure failures in industrial buildings. This study aimed to assess the potential of fly ash to control volume changes in soils under acidic environment. Two soils such as black cotton soil predominant with montmorillonite and kaolin clay predominant with kaolinite were used for the present investigation. Both soils exhibited an increase in swelling subjected to phosphoric acid contamination. Ion exchange reactions and mineralogical transformations lead to an increase in swelling and a decrease in compressibility in black cotton soil, whereas phosphate adsorption and mineral dissolution lead to an increase in swelling and compressibility in case of kaolin clay. Different percentages of Class F fly ash obtained from Ramagundam national thermal power station were used for soil treatment. Fly ash treatment leads to significant reduction in swelling and compressibility, which is attributed to the formation of aluminum phosphate cements in the presence of phosphoric acid.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2010

This paper describes the compaction and strength behavior of black cotton soil (BC soil) reinforced with coir fibers. Coir used in this study is processed fiber from the husk of coconuts. BC soil reinforced with coir fiber shows only marginal increase in the strength of soil, inhibiting its use for ground improvement. In order to further increase the strength of the soil-coir fiber combination, optimum percentage of 4% of lime is added. The effect of aspect ratio, percentage fiber on the behavior of the composite soil specimen with curing is isolated and studied. It is found that strength properties of optimum combination of BC soil-lime specimens reinforced with coir fibers is appreciably better than untreated BC soil or BC soil alone with coir fiber. Lime treatment in BC soil improves strength but it imparts brittleness in soil specimen. BC soil treated with 4% lime and reinforced with coir fiber shows ductility behavior before and after failure. An optimum fiber content of 1% (by weight) with aspect ratio of 20 for fiber was recommended for strengthening BC soil.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 1996

Carbon black has been used as a particulate soil to prepare artificial soiled fabrics for detergent study but it has two major defects. The one is the difficulty of quantitative analysis of carbon black for evaluate the detergency, the other is that there is no reliable correlation between the removal of carbon black and oily soil which is the major component of natural soil. In this study ferric oxinate was used as a particulate soil since it is in black color and can be soiled on fabric by suspension in water or by solution in chloroform and it is easily analysed quantitatively by extracting it from soiled fabric with chloroform to get correct value of soil removal. The characteristics of soil removal of ferric oxinate were compared with that of carbon black and Sudan black, an oil soluble dye, which had been proved that it's detergency correlated with that of oily soil The soil removal of ferric oxinate and Sudan black estimated from quantitative analysis and from K/S value were in good agreement whereas the result calculated by simple reflectance was consistently low. The soil removal of ferric oxinate was exceeded from that of carbon black without regard to surfactants, Triton and Las, but the effect of washing conditions such as temperature and washing time on soil removal of both soils with different suffactants showed no considerable difference. Though the soil removal of Sudan black was little effected by the conditions, the soil removal in Triton exceeded considerably that of in Las, which is the characteristic of oily soil. Thus the soil removal of Sudan black was in good agreement with ferric oxinate in Triton, a non-ionic surfactant, and with carbon black in Las, an artionic surfactant. We concluded that ferric oxinate is a more realistic model particulate soil for artificial soiled cotton fabric washed with non-ionic surfactant than carbon black.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.347-355
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• 2005

Biodegradability of cotton/polyester blend fabric was investigated employing activated sluge test, soil burial test and enzyme hydrolysis. Surface changes of the degraded sample were observed through a microscopy. Changes in X-ray diffraction patterns and crystallinity were examined using X-ray diffractometer. Experimental results revealed that biodegradability of cotton/polyester blend fabric was proportional to the blending ratio of cotton, not showing any synergy effect. Polyester 100% hardly degraded in this study. Through the comparison of the experimental method it was shown that the biodegradabilities determined from activated sludge test and enzymatic hydrolysis except soil burial test were linearly related to the blending ratio of cotton in the blent fabrics. It is probably because the biodegradability determined from the retention of tensile strength of fabrics buried in soil was affected by the stress distribution of polyesters throughout the fabric. From the microscopic observations it was revealed that fungi were grown on the fabric surface and the colors turned yellow, brown and black. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the heights of crystalline peak coming from cotton part in blend fabrics decreased whereas those coming from polyester part increased comperatively as time passed by. Crystallinities of cotton 100% fabric increased slightly at the begining and then decreased continuously.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2022

Time-dependent stress-strain behaviour significantly influences the compressibility characteristics of the clayey soil. In this paper, a series of oedometer tests were conducted in two loading patterns and investigated the time-dependent compressibility characteristics of Indian Montmorillonite Clay, also known as black cotton soil (BC) soil, during loading-unloading stages. The experimental data are analyzed using a new non-linear function of the Elasto-Visco-Plastic Model considering Swelling behaviour (EVPS model). From the experimental result, it is found that BC soil exhibits significant time-dependent behaviour during creep compared to the swelling stage. Pore water entrance restriction due to consolidated overburden pressure and decrease in cation hydrations are responsible factors. Apart from it, particle sliding is also evident during creep. The time-dependent parameters like strain limit, creep coefficient and C_αe/C_c are observed to be significant during the loading stage than the swelling stage. The relationship between creep coefficients and applied stresses is found to be nonlinear. The creep coefficient increases significantly up to 630 kPa-760 kPa (during reloading), and beyond it, the creep coefficient decreases continuously. Several parameters like loading duration, the magnitude of applied stress, loading history, and loading path have also influenced secondary compressibility characteristics. The time-dependent compressibility characteristics of BC soil are presented and discussed in detail.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.55-66
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• 1998

In order to investigate the detergency effects of various detergents to stained polyester & cotton fabric with solid soils such as carbon black, liquid paraffin and fat, the optimum washing conditions according to the types of washing agent, the assesment of detergency effect by the measurement of reflectance after and before washing were studied. The detergency effect of various detergents to stained polyester and cotton fabric increased by using the mixtures of bleaching and enzyme detergent. In order to obtain the excellent detergency effect, 2-step treatment, the pre-washing with bleaching agent and bleaching-enzyme mixture detergent treatment is preferred. In comparison of the detergency to polyester and cotton fabric, it is assumed that the detergency to polyester stained fabric was superior than that to cotton stained fabric because of the difference of adhesive force between soil material and fabric in preparing solid stained fabric.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.113-126
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• 1999

In order to investigate the detergency effect of stained cotton and PET fabric, respectively, these fabrics stained with solid soils such as carbon black, liquid paraffin, and fat and examined the detergency effect in the optimum washing condition. The evaluation of washing efficiency of washed fabrics studied by using the surface reflectance measurement before and after washing treatment. The maximum detergency effect of stained cotton and PET fabric obtained in the mixed washing liquor-bleachig agen(ml)/concentrated washig agent(g/l). To obtain the excellent detergency effect, 2-step washing treatment, pre-washing by bleaching agent only and washing by concentrated detergent, is preferred. In comparing the detergency of polyester and cotton fabric, the detergency of stained polyester fabric superior than that of stained cotton fabric because of the difference of adhesive force between soil material and fabric in preparing soled stained fabric. In this study, we also studied the degree of fabric damage by the measurement of tensile strength change. From the results of the tensile strength measurement, the damage of washed fabric before and after washing treatment was nearly changed.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.181-189
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• 2019

The washability, redeposition, fill power, and fabric damage of wet cleaning and dry cleaning solvents were measured to identify the optimal type of washing that would increase washability while maintaining dimensional stability. The soiled fabric is a polyester cotton blend and the types of soil were wine, blood, make-up and sebum with carbon black. Petroleum and silicone solvents were used in dry cleaning. Results from this study are as follows. First, detergency is significantly influenced by the type of washing and type of soil. Wet cleaning is superior to dry cleaning. Wet cleaning shows a strong washing performance against hydrophilic soils, whereas, dry cleaning is stronger against hydrophobic soils. Second, redeposition is significantly affected by the type of washing, fabrics, and soils. Redeposition occurred little on cotton during wet cleaning, but showed a high rate for nylon. However, when the two types of fabric were dry cleaned, redeposition occurred on both types. Third, the fill power of duck-down is very affected by the type of washing. Resilience is the best in wet cleaning; and in dry cleaning, petroleum solvents showed a higher resilience when as compared to silicone solvents. Last, the level of fabric damage to cotton fabrics is highly influenced by the type of washing. Wet cleaning damages cotton fabrics significantly more than dry cleaning. For dry cleaning, petroleum solvents damage these fabrics slightly more than silicone solvents. In conclusion, the type of soil must initially be identified to determine the optimal type of washing. Special caution is required when textiles with particulate soil and nylon are washed. When considering the resilience of duck-down clothing, wet cleaning is more appropriate than dry cleaning. Dry cleaning, especially when using silicone-based solvents, is more suitable than wet cleaning for maintaining the shape of clothing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.4 no.1_2
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• pp.43-48
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• 1980

The effect of free fatty acid in fatty soil on the detergency of particulate soil was investigated. Cotton lawn fabric was soiled with the mixture of polmitic acid, hydrogenated fat, paraffin oil and iron oxide black altering the contents of palmitic acid and was laundered with different sur-fastants under various temperature and alkalinity. The rate of soil removal was estimated by means of the spectoometic analysis of iron on the fabric before and after washing. The results of dergency were compared those obtained by reflactance and K/S value from Kubelka-Munk equation which were derived from reflactance measurements.