• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.352-360
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• 2004

To investigate the antioxidative effects of an etbylacetate fraction extracted from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L. (Chrysanthemi Flos) on the antioxidative system and lipid profiles of rats with ethanol induced hepatotoxicity. Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $100\~150$ g were divided into 5 groups: normal group (NOR), Chrysanthemi Flos EtOAC fraction (200 mg/kg) treated group (S1), $35\%$ etbanol (10 mL/kg) treated group (S2), Chrysanthemi Flos EtOAC fraction (200 mg/kg) and ethanol concomitantly treated group (S3) and Chrysanthemi Flos EtOAC fraction (400 mg/kg) and ethanol concomitantly treated group (S4), respectively. The antioxidative activity of each fraction was decreased in order of EtOAC, n-hexane, n-BuOH, water and chloroform. The growth rates and feed efficiency ratios were decreased by ethanol treatment, but were gradually restored to similar levels as in the NOR group by administering Chrysanthemi Flos EtOAC fraction. The whole blood concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, and the activities of ALT and AST that were elevated by ethanol were significantly decreased in the Chrysanthemi Flos EtOAC fraction treated groups. It was also observed that the activities of SOD, catalase, xanthine oxidase and GSH-Px elevated by ethanol in rat liver were markedly decreased in the Chrysanthemi Flos EtOAC fraction treated group as compared to S2. These results suggest that Chrysanthemi Flos EtOAC fraction has possible protective effects against ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in rat liver.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.329-334
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• 2009

The effects of drying conditions on the antioxidant activities, luteolin, and volatile compounds of Chrysanthemi Flos flowers were evaluated. The flowers were dried with hot-air or far-infrared radiation at 40${^{\circ}C}$, 50${^{\circ}C}$ and 60${^{\circ}C}$, respectively, to reach 22$\pm$1% of moisture content. Each 10 g of the dried flowers were extracted with 100 mL of 95% ethanol. Increasing temperature in hot-air dried (HAD) conditions increased the antioxidant activities of the flower extracts. However, increasing temperature in far-infrared dried (FID) conditions decreased the antioxidant activities of the extracts. Luteolin, one of main flavonoids of Chrysanthemi Flos flowers, was present in the highest content at 60${^{\circ}C}$ FID flowers with a value of 139 $\mu$g/mL. Thirteen volatile compounds including camphor and β-caryophyllene were identified in chromatograms. Higher amount of the volatiles were found at 50${^{\circ}C}$ HAD and 40${^{\circ}C}$ FID. The results indicated that the antioxidant activities and volatile compounds of Chrysanthemi Flos flowers were significantly affected by drying conditions.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 1999

The flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium L. has been used as 'Kamguk' in the Korean markets instead of it from C. indicum L. In order to evaluate the quality of Chrysanthemi Flos, the method for isolation and quantitative determination of luteolin as standard compound has been developed. It is analyzed with HPLC using the solvent system of MeOH-water-acetic acid (30:70:5). The amounts of luteolin from Chrysanthemi Flos in Korean markets are in the range of $0.03{\sim}0.04%.$ The amounts of luteolin from the flowers of C. indicum and C. boreale are approximately 0.14% and 0.04%, respectively.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.127-132
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• 2007

Objectives : FLOS CHRYSANTHEMI (FC) has been reported to possess a variety of pharmacological activities. However, the effect of FC on the dendritic cells has not been determined. Methods : To examine the effect of FC on the immune response, we used several methods such as flow cytometric analyses, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results : 1. FC inhibited lipopolysacchride (LPS)-induced maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) such as down-regulation of MHC class II and CD40. 2. FC also inhibited uptake of FITC-Dextran in BMDC stimulated with LPS. 3. Furthermore, FC inhibited several kinds of cytokine production such as TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-12 in BMDC. Conclusions : These results suggest that FC plays pivotal role m the development of inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.29-46
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• 2001

In the result of investigating traditional chinese medical literatures to understand definite immunopharmacologic effects of drugs for clearing away heat and detoxicating such as Ampelopsis Radix, Rhapontici Radix, Cremastrae Appendiculatae Tuber, Rhaseoli Radiati Semen, Potentillae Discolohs Herba, Potentillae Chinensis Herba, Chrysanthemi Indici Flos, Lomcerae Caulis, we could reach conclusions as follows: 1. Rhapontici Radix, Chrysanthemi Indici Flos can increase voracity of leukocytes, macrophages and increase to produce IL-2 by splenocytes. 2. Potentillae Chinensis Herba, Chrysanthemi Indici Flos, Lonicerae Caulis can inhibit activities of B lymphocytes and have anti-inflammatory effects. 3. Drugs for clearing away heat and detoxicating almost have antibiotic, anti-inflammatory effects, and so can be applied to many inflammatory immune diseases. 4. Drugs for clearing away heat and detoxicating also have antifebrile, diuretic, detoxicating effects. Above results indicates that Drugs for clearing away heat and detoxicating have immunosuppressive effect, so that can be applied to many inflammatory immune diseases.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1419-1426
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of herbal extracts on the skin inflammatory reactions which use the makeup preparations. In experiment 1, among the herbal ingredients of herbal extracts, ethanol extracts and 1,3-BG(Butylene Glycol) extracts of Galla Rhois showed potent radical scavenging activity, more than 91% at all concentrations, tested by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hyrazyl) method. In experiment 2, ethanol extracts of Chrysanthemi Flos, Gardenias Flos, Galla Rhois showed potent inhibitory activity of the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide(NO) production, more than 87% at $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, by the macrophage RAW 246.7 cells. And 1,3-BG extracts of Taraxaci Herbs, Corm Fructus, Galla Rhois showed potent inhibitory activity of nitric oxide production, more than 89% at $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. In experiment 3, ethanol extracts of Chrysanthemi Flos, Gardeniae Flos, Galla Rhois showed potent inhibitory effects of cyclooxygenase-II activity, more than 78% at $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, by using ELISA kit. And 1,3-BG extracts of Galla Rhois, Carthami Flos, Chrysanthemi Flos, Taraxaci Herba, Corm Fructus showed potent inhibitory effects of cyclooxygenase-II(COX-II) activity, more than 80% at $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Therefore, 1 expect that herbal extracts, especially Galla Rhois may be used as a drug for treatment on skin inflammation and a material of the makeup preparations.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 1996

In the course of phytochemical studies of Chrysanthermi Flos(Chrysanthemum indicum L., Compositae), two compounds were isolated by repeated column chromatography. Compound 1 is identified as adenosine on the basis of spectroscopic means and comparison with an authentic standard. Compound 2 is determined to be a new alkyl alcohol glycoside, 1-octen-3-ol $3-O-{\beta}-D-xylopyranosyl(1{\rightarrow} 6)-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ on the spectroscopic evidence. Compounds 1 and 2 are reported for the first time from this plant.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.19-28
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• 2018

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Flaxseed oil and Chrysanthemi Indici Flos 50% ethanol extract in an HCl/ethanol induced acute gastritis model. Methods : ICR mice were divided into 6 groups; normal mice (Nor), gastritic mice with distilled water (Veh), gastritic mice with 10 mg/kg sucralfate (SC), gastritic mice with 16 g/㎏ Flaxseed oil (FO), gastritic mice with FO + 50 mg/kg Chrysanthemi Indici Flos (FCL), and gastritic mice with FO + 100 mg/kg Chrysanthemi Indici Flos (FCH). Then, mice were orally administered with 150 mM HCl/60% ethanol and caused acute gastritis. After 1 hr, mice were sacrificed, and blood and stomach tissue were collected. Results : Administration of FCL and FCH to mice prior to the induction of gastritis was found to reduce gastric injury. reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxy nitrite ($ONOO^-$) levels of stomach tissues were significantly decreased in FO, FCL, and FCH compared to Veh group. As results of stomach protein analyses, FCL and FCH effectively reduce inflammatory-related factors such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1 beta ($IL-1{\beta}$) in gastric lesion mice. In addition, nuclear factor kappa B p65 ($NF-{\kappa}B$ p65) and phosphorylation inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa $B{\alpha}(p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha})$ were down-regulated in FCL and FCH administrated gastric lesion mice. Conclusions : These results suggest that FCL and FCH has an inhibitory effect against gastric injury. Therefore, FCL and FCH has the potential to be used as a natural therapeutic drug.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 2012

Objectives: Much evidence exists that herbs have effective immunomodulatory activities. Chrysanthemi Flos (CF) is effective in clearing heat, reducing inflammation, dropping blood pressure and treating headache and is used as a pharmaceutical raw material for an immune enhancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the modulatory effect of Chrysanthemi Flos pharmacopuncture on nitric-oxide (NO) production in activating macrophages. Methods: After a murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, was cultured in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), immune-modulating abilities of CF were evaluated by using NO, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) production and phagocytic activity of macrophages. Results: CF enhanced the activities of macrophages by increasing the phagocytic activity and decreasing NO production. Especially, both LPS and CF, 200 ${\mu}g/ml$, treatment could significantly reduce the NO production, but did not change the production of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that CF may be of immunomodulatory value, especially for adverse diseases due to increased NO production. It may have potential for use as immunoenhancing pharmacopuncture.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.255.1-255.1
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• 2001