• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제53권1호
• /
• pp.351-356
• /
• 2021

Korean nuclear power plants (NPPs) have various radiation protection programs to attain radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). In terms of ALARA, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of administrative dose control for occupationally-exposed workers in Korean NPPs. In addition to dose limits, administrative dose constraints are implemented to resolve an inequity of radiation exposure in which some individuals in NPPs receive relatively higher doses than others. Occupational dose constraints in Korean NPPs are presented in this paper with the background of how those values were determined. For pressurized water reactors, 80% and 90% of the annual average limit for an effective dose, 20 mSv/y, are set as the primary and secondary dose constraints, respectively. Pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs) have also established the primary and secondary dose constraints corresponding to 70% and 80% of the effective dose limit, and additional constraints for tritium concentration are provided to control internal exposure in PHWRs. Follow-up measures for exceeding these administrative dose constraints are also introduced compared to exceeding the dose limits. Finally, analysis results of dose distributions show how the implementation of administrative dose constraints impacted the occupational dose distributions in Korean NPPs during the years 2009-2018.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
• /
• 제42권3호
• /
• pp.209-215
• /
• 2019

Comparison of the effective dose of the chest and the equivalent dose of the lens site in the radiation workers working at four medical institutions with the PET / CT room located in one metropolitan city and province from April 1 to June 30, 2018 Respectively. Radioactive medicine were measured at the time of dispensing and at the time of injection. In this experiment, the average dispensing time per patient was 5.7 minutes and the average injection time was 3.1 minutes. The equivalent dose at the lens site was $0.78{\mu}Sv/h$ for 1 mCi, and the effective dose for chest was $0.18{\mu}Sv/h$ per 1 mCi. The equivalent dose at the lens site during injection was $0.88{\mu}Sv/h$ per mCi and the effective dose of chest was $0.20{\mu}Sv/h$ per mCi. The daily effective dose of the chest was $0.9{\pm}0.6{\mu}Sv$ and the equivalent dose of the lens site was $3.6{\pm}1.4{\mu}Sv$ during daily dosing for 20 days. The effective dose of the chest during the day was $0.6{\pm}0.5{\mu}Sv$ and the equivalent dose of the lens was $2.2{\pm}1.0{\mu}Sv$. At the time of dispensing, the equivalent dose of the lens was $0.187{\pm}0.035mSv$, the effective dose of the chest was $0.137{\pm}0.055mSv$, the equivalent dose of the lens was $0.247{\pm}0.057mSv$, and the effective dose of the monthly chest was $0.187{\pm}0.021mSv$. As a result of the corresponding sample test, the equivalent dose and the effective dose of the chest, the effective dose of the chest, the effective dose of the chest, the effective dose of the chest, The equivalent dose of the lens and the effective dose of the chest were statistically significant (p<0.05) with a significance of 0.000. However, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the equivalent dose and the effective dose of the chest, the equivalent dose of the lens at the time of injection, and the effective dose of the chest at 0.138 and 0.230, respectively.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
• /
• 제14권5호
• /
• pp.613-618
• /
• 2020

간동맥화학색전술 중 사용되고 있는 Fast Low Dose C-arm CT의 평균선량을 DSA의 평균선량과 비교해 보고, 전체 누적선량에서 검사기법별 평균선량 분석을 통해 피폭선량을 분석해 보았다. 본원에서 환자 50명을 임의로 선정하여 Fast Low Dose C-arm CT와 DSA의 DAP 및 Air Kerma를 조사하여 비교하였으며, 4가지 검사기법(DSA, Fast Low Dose C-arm CT, Roadmap, Fluoroscopy)의 누적선량(DAP, Air Kerma)이 차지하는 비율을 분석하였다. 통계적인 비교 분석을 위해 통계프로그램 SPSS 20.0을 이용하여 대응표본 T검정, ANOVA 검증(post hoc test : Tukey)하였다. Fast Low Dose C-arm CT가 DSA에 비해 평균선량(DAP, Air Kerma)이 통계적으로 유의하게 낮았다.(p<.001) 간동맥화학색전술에서 항암제 주입 전후로 Fast Low Dose C-arm CT를 적극 활용하여 DSA의 검사 횟수를 줄인다면 환자의 의료방사선 피폭을 감소시킬 수 있다.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
• /
• 제11권3호
• /
• pp.109-115
• /
• 2017

본 연구의 목적은 128 MDCT(Multi-detector computed tomography)의 CareDose 4D 선량감소 효과와 임상적 유용성을 평가하고자 시행되었다. Phantom과 임상 복부 검사 연구라는 두 가지 방법을 통해 128 MDCT CareDose 4D 시스템 적용 전후의 피사체 피폭선량과 영상 평가를 실시하였다. Phantom 연구에서는 CareDose 4D 적용 전후의 두 그룹에 대하여 중앙과 3, 6, 9, 12시의 방향으로 ROI(Region of interest)를 위치시켰고, 임상 연구에서는 간의 각 8구획에 대하여 CareDose 4D 적용 전 후 두 그룹에 대하여 ROI를 위치하여 CT Number, Noise, DLP(Dose length product)선량을 측정하였다. 측정결과 Phantom 및 임상연구에서 CT Number는 적용 전 후 값에 차이가 없었고(p>.05), 선량관련 CTDIvol(CT dose index volume) 측정값 및 유효선량은 CareDose 4D 적용 후가 낮았다 (p<.05). 결론적으로 CareDose 4D를 사용하면 영상의 화질을 저하시키지 않고 최적의 영상정보를 획득하면서 환자 선량이 감소되는 효과를 얻을 수 있다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.111-121
• /
• 2017

Verification of dose distribution is an essential part of ensuring the treatment planning system's (TPS) calculated dose will achieve the desired outcome in radiation therapy. Each measurement have uncertainty associated with it. It is desirable to reduce the measurement uncertainty. A best approach is to reduce the uncertainty associated with each step of the process to keep the total uncertainty under acceptable limits. Point dose patient specific quality assurance (QA) is recommended by American Association of Medical Physicists (AAPM) and European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO) for all the complex radiation therapy treatment techniques. Relative and absolute point dose measurement methods are used to verify the TPS computed dose. Relative and absolute point dose measurement techniques have a number of steps to measure the point dose which includes chamber cross calibration, electrometer reading, chamber calibration coefficient, beam quality correction factor, reference conditions, influences quantities, machine stability, nominal calibration factor (for relative method) and absolute dose calibration of machine. Keeping these parameters in mind, the estimated relative percentage uncertainty associated with the absolute point dose measurement is 2.1% (k=1). On the other hand, the relative percentage uncertainty associated with the relative point dose verification method is estimated to 1.0% (k=1). To compare both point dose measurement methods, 13 head and neck (H&N) IMRT patients were selected. A point dose for each patient was measured with both methods. The average percentage difference between TPS computed dose and measured absolute relative point dose was 1.4% and 1% respectively. The results of this comparative study show that while choosing the relative or absolute point dose measurement technique, both techniques can produce similar results for H&N IMRT treatment plans. There is no statistically significant difference between both point dose verification methods based upon the t-test for comparing two means.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.227-236
• /
• 1995

선량데이타와 정확한 3차원 선량모델을 이용하여 여러 아크에 대한 선량분포를 조사하였다. 정확한 선량모델에 의해 계산된 선량 값은 판단한 실험식으로 표현이 가능했으며 이는 선량 최적화 과정에서 반복적으로 선량 값을 계산하는데 매우 유용하였다. 360도 아크와 부분 아크에 대한 선량 값을 빠른 속도로 계산하기 위하며 실험적으로 구해진 실린더형 선량모델을 개발하였다. 200개 위치의 정확한 선량 값을 비선형식으로 피팅하여 7개의 변수를 포함하는 실험식을 개발하였다. 결과적으로 이 모델을 이용하는 경우 한 아크에 대한 선량 계산시 400개의 위치를 계산하는데 PC-486으로 1초 이내에서 계산이 가능하였다. 결론적으로 개발된 고속선량모델은 정확한 선량모델에 의한 선량 값과 유사한 값을 제공함으로써 계간속도가 늦은 일반 3차원 선량모델을 대치할 수 있을 것으로 사려된다.

• 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.101-107
• /
• 2009

With the recent development of diagnosis using radiation and increasing demand of the medical treatment, we need to minimize radiation exposure dose. So, This is the method which reduce patient dose by measuring surface dose of radiographic change factor and by comparing theoretical and actual dose, when we take an X-ray which is generally used. By changing the factor of kV, mAs, FSD, whose range is 60 to 120 kV, 20 to 100 mAs, 80 to 180 cm, we compared theoretical surface dose with actual surface dose calculated by the simple calculation program, Bit system, and NDD-M method As a result, when kV and mAs were higher, theoretical surface dose and actual surface dose were more increased. but the higher FSD was, the more decreased surface dose was. According to this, the error were measured about 0.1 to 0.2 mGy in low dose part and about 0.7 to 1.5 mGy in high dose part. Therefore, this shows that theoretical surface dose calculation method is more correct in low dose part than in high dose part. In conclusion, we will have to make constant efforts which can reduce patient and radiographer's exposure dose, studying methods which can predict patient's radiation exposure dose more exactly.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제41권3호
• /
• pp.291-300
• /
• 2016

Background: It is necessary to assess radiation dose to workers due to inhalation of airborne particulates containing naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) to ensure radiological safety required by the Natural Radiation Safety Management Act. The objective of this study is to develop an internal dose assessment procedure for workers at industries using raw materials containing natural radionuclides. Materials and Methods: The dose assessment procedure was developed based on harmonization, accuracy, and proportionality. The procedure includes determination of dose assessment necessity, preliminary dose estimation, airborne particulate sampling and characterization, and detailed assessment of radiation dose. Results and Discussion: The developed dose assessment procedure is as follows. Radioactivity concentration criteria to determine dose assessment necessity are $10Bq{\cdot}g^{-1}$ for $^{40}K$ and $1Bq{\cdot}g^{-1}$ for the other natural radionuclides. The preliminary dose estimation is performed using annual limit on intake (ALI). The estimated doses are classified into 3 groups ( < 0.1 mSv, 0.1-0.3 mSv, and > 0.3 mSv). Air sampling methods are determined based on the dose estimates. Detailed dose assessment is performed using air sampling and particulate characterization. The final dose results are classified into 4 different levels ( < 0.1 mSv, 0.1-0.3 mSv, 0.3-1 mSv, and > 1 mSv). Proper radiation protection measures are suggested according to the dose level. The developed dose assessment procedure was applied for NORM industries in Korea, including coal combustion, phosphate processing, and monazite handing facilities. Conclusion: The developed procedure provides consistent dose assessment results and contributes to the establishment of optimization of radiological protection in NORM industries.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 1993

국제방사선방어위원회(ICRP)는 최근의 권고 60(1990)에서 이전의 권고 26(1976)에는 없었던 새로운 용어들을 도입하였다. 이중에서도 동 위원회는 지금까지 사용되어 왔던 국제 방사선단위 및 측정위원회(ICRU) 개념의 '션량당량(dose equivalent)'을 대체하는 용어로 '등가선량(equivalent dose)'을 새로 정의하여 방사선방어 프로그램에의 적용을 권고하고 있다. 그러나 한편 동 위원회는 선량 당량이라는 용어도 여전히 채택하고 있기 때문에 경우에 따라 두 양의 사용시 불필요한 혼동을 불러일으킬 수가 있다. 따라서 본 해설문에서는 방사선 방어, 관리 및 측정분야 종사자들의 이해를 돕기 위하여 두 양의 정의와 사용상의 차이점에 대하여 정리하였다.

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.100-104
• /
• 2009

In this study, the space gamma dose rates in the apartments structured with concrete were measured in accordance with construction year. In addition, the environmental radiation rates coming from the subway platforms and the road tunnels were analyzed in the equivalent dose by multiplying the absorbed dose with the radiation weighting factors. The space gamma dose rates measured in apartments were higher than those of outdoor which was $0.08{\sim}0.11uSv/h$ in the natural conditions. Especially, the older construction year is, the higher becomes space gamma dose rate. The average gamma dose rates in the subway platforms were measured. In the case of Busan and Daegu subway, the earlier the opening year is, the higher becomes dose rate. However, the dose rates of Seoul subway Lines were high overall, regardless of opening year. Seoul subway Line 6 showed the highest value of 0.21uSv/h. The gamma dose rate in road tunnels was higher than one of the outdoor and increased with opening year like as apartment. In dose rate comparison of the concrete structures with the outdoor, therefore, the space gamma dose rate of indoor is higher than one of the outdoor and the older structures have a higher dose rate.