• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.3 no.2 s.2
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• pp.31-38
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• 2005

Make-up changes facial images. In particular, eyebrow make-up is a part of changing expression most easily and effectively. While color make-up is helpful to produce women's desired image with their favorite colors, eyebrow make-up is hidden actor to give a clear impression to others. Therefore, this study connected facial type which is an important factor deciding facial image with eyebrow, examined image of eyebrow make-up and that changed by facial types and aimed to be helpful in producing more effective facial image with eyebrow make-up considering one's facial type. Consequently, it was found that eyebrow make-up was a great factor in making better facial impression and image and complementing the weakness of facial type. h strong impression of facial type can be changed into soft shape or foolish shape in worse case depending on the types of eyebrow make-up. Eyebrow make-up shows charming image as angle of eyebrow is steep, heavy image as eyebrow is horizontal, cold image as eyebrow tail rises and simple and dull image as it lowers. Therefore, it is known that image of eyebrow make-up can be governed by several factors including angle and direction of eyebrow. Consequently, it is thought that most effective eyebrow make-up considers individual facial types, images of their eyes, noses and mouths and factors deciding angle, direction and colors of eyebrow.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.37-40
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• 2010

Purpose: Reconstruction of eyebrow defects after wide excision of the benign and malignant tumors present a cosmetic challenge to the plastic surgeon. There were several methods for reconstruction of partial eyebrow defect with local flaps except hair bearing composite graft. We introduce simple eyebrow reconstruction with bilateral advancement flap and tattooing on the idea that eyebrow tattooing is popular permanent eyebrow makeup among elderly Korean women. Methods: The flaps were designed on both ends of the eyebrow defect along the upper and lower margin of the eyebrow. Both flaps were cut, undermined and were moved centrally to cover the defect. Both flaps were attached along the vertical suturing line. The rest of each flap was sown with dog-ears revised minimally. Scar lines would be hidden along the natural borders of the eyebrow if possible. The resulting vertical scar finally was covered with hair. After 8 months, eyebrow tattooing would be done to camouflage eyebrow shortening and scar. Results: Partial eyebrow defect was reconstructed successfully with bilateral advancement flap and tattooing. The postoperative scar was inconspicuous and eyebrow looked symmetric. Conclusion: We recommend partial eyebrow reconstruction with bilateral advancement flap and tattooing for the elderly Korean female patients after excision of small tumor in and around eyebrow region.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.116-126
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to objectify the shape of curvature and average change rate of angular and arched eyebrow makeup. The data for the analysis were the final 336 pieces for the cosmetology students in the whole country. SPSS 20.0 program was used for the collected data, frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and crossover analysis were performed. First, the frequency of the average change rate of eyebrow makeup (angular and arcuate) was analyzed. As a result, the eyebrows suitable for the angled type showed the highest level of 'A-2' and the arched eyebrows had the highest level of 'B-2'. Second, to analyze the important factors of eyebrow makeup, frequency of eyebrows was the most important, followed by the inclination of eyebrows and eyebrow tail. Third, factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted to examine each dimension of eyebrow makeup perception, and it was derived from three factors including acceptability, aggressiveness, and playability. Fourth, in order to analyze the difference of important factors in the form of the standard eyebrow makeup, the cross - analysis was performed with chi - square test, and it was confirmed that the angular eyebrow makeup showed the most objectivity when the average change rate was 0.29 and the curvature was 0.67. Fifth, arcuate eyebrow makeup showed the most objectivity when the average change rate was 0.57 and curvature was 0.56. The results of this analysis can be used as objective data of aesthetic criteria when designing the eyebrow shape.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2017

Background This study evaluated dynamic changes in eyebrow position related to aging. Methods Female participants were recruited and separated into two groups aged 20-30 years (the younger group, n=20; mean age, 24.8 years) and 50-70 years (the older group, n=20; mean age, 55.8 years). Photogrammetry was used to determine the eyebrow position at the medial canthus (MC), lateral limbus, lateral canthus, and lateral end point (EP) for 6 actions: smooth opening (the reference action) and closing of the eye, forward gaze, maximum opening and closing of the eye, and maximum frown. Videos were also recorded. Results No differences in eyebrow position were detected at the MC when opening or closing the eyes smoothly, gazing straight ahead, or closing the eyes maximally. For all 6 actions, the position of the lateral EP in the older group was significantly lower than in the younger group (P=0.003), and the smallest degree of vertical movement at this point was found in both age groups (P<0.001). Vertical movement at the 4 landmarks of the eyebrows decreased with aging. Conclusions Eyebrow position was unchanged at the MC with aging, except at maximal eye opening and maximal frown. No differences in eyebrow position were observed between the younger and older groups when eyes were maximally closed, except at the EP. It is important to focus on correction of the lateral EP for periorbital rejuvenation.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.647-652
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• 2007

Purpose: Single hair transplantation for eyebrow loss has been considered as a good method of achieving natural appearance of eyebrow. To date, however, no study has reported the survival rate following single hair transplantation for cicatricial eyebrow alopecia. Methods: We performed single hair transplantation using Choi hair transplanter for 49 cases of scarring eyebrow loss from March 2003 to March 2006. Of these cases, 33 could be under a follow-up postoperatively for more than seven months. These 33 cases comprised 20 men and 13 women. Mean follow-up period was 12 months (7-36 months). In 17 patients(51.5%), 100 to 200 hairs were unilaterally transplanted. Results: Following initial hair transplantation, the surgical outcome was excellent in 11 cases(33.3%), good in 12 cases(36.4%), fair or poor in the remaining ten cases(30.3%). All procedures were done under intravenous sedation and local or regional block anesthesia. It took about one and a half hours for us to transplant 200 hairs. The shape of eyebrow was aesthetically acceptable with a good direction and an ideal inclination of hairs. No patients developed notable complications, while 30 percent had a low survival rate. Conclusion: Single hair transplantation using Choi hair transplanter is a safe, effective surgical method for scarring eyebrow loss.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.28-39
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• 2005

This chapter presents how 'optical illusion' works in applying makeup and how to differentiate the direction, location and shape at eyebrow lines in the aspect at physiognomy. For this study, employed were five types of face shape produced by Photoshop program - round, square, long, inverted triangle. and diamond. The best-matched facial shape was examined through a questionnaire research after applying the optical illusion of eyebrow lines to the five types of face shape. The results were revealed to be identical to ones presented in make-up teaching materials. In conclusion, it was found that well-matched shape and size of eyebrow could make some changes in the facial impression, changing the face shape into oval shape. The facial line can be modified and supplemented by reshaping such facial parts as the eyebrow, producing well-balanced facial shape. Consequently, make-up was proved to be one of the methods which can be used to create social and psychological effect which can make a favorable facial impression and individuality, natural impression and image making depending on different purposes, taking advantage of optical illusion effect.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.262-266
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• 2005

In some blepharochalasis patients, upper blepharoplasty alone is not satisfactory because of narrow distance between eyebrow and eyelash. On that occasion, eyebrow lift is advisable. There are many methods of classical eyebrow lift, such as direct excision, transblepharoplasty approach, anterior hairline technique, and so on. But they are not so effective, have a tendency to recur and also give rise to side effects; unacceptable scar, facial nerve palsy, sensory loss and hematoma, etc. Some patients who have prominent nasolabial folds, are reluctant to perform face lift procedure due to psychologic or economic burden. The authors performed the eyebrow lift procedure separately or simultaneously with face lift or forehead lift. After making 2 or 3 slit incisions, we passed absorbable suture material, 3-0 vicryl, through suborbicularis oculi fat layer. Then it was passed through subperiosteal plane and fixated to the temporalis fascia. When patients complain prominent nasolabial folds, malar fat pad was elevated also in the same manner. This methods is effective and has minimal complication such as facial nerve palsy, scar, sensory loss. Recurrent tendency was rarely observed during follow-up. Dimples were observed at slit incision sites but they disappeared within 2 or 3 weeks. Eyebrow lift and malar fat lift by absorbable suture elevation with subperiosteal dissection is a simple and less morbid. Because of its effectiveness and little side effect or complication, this procedure can be a useful method.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.46-51
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• 2002

In this paper, I proposed a eyebrow detection algorithm in human face, that is important element in facial recognition. The proposed algorithm consists of four processes: face region detection using color region segmentation. eye detection by template matching, eyebrow candidate region detection in detected eye region, and eyebrow detection by thresholding using the modified histogram that gets luminance value in the candidate region. The test results show that the proposed algorithm can detect eyebrow region very effectively in facial image.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.307-309
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• 2005

We report a rare case of tension pneumocephalus after eyebrow surgery for the treatment of a saccular aneurysm at posterior communicating artery. The patient's consciousness was suddenly aggravated due to the tension pneumocephalus on fifth postoperative day, which was treated by repairing the frontal sinus. The patient was recovered completely and uneventfully after this revision surgery.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.69-72
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• 2013

Lateral eyebrow mass with primary skull lesion are rare in pediatric population. Although epidermoid cyst and dermoid cyst are the most commonly encountered skull lesions in pediatric population, Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is rarely reported. We report a case of LCH arising from the lateral eyebrow with osteolytic lesion involving the frontal bone. A 5-year-old boy was presented with a hard, fixed mass in his lateral eyebrow. Contrast magnetic resonance imaging revealed inhomogeneous enhancement of the mass with direct invasion of the frontal bone and adjacent dura mater. Under general anesthesia, linear incision at the lateral eyebrow region was made. Intraoperative evaluation revealed hard, fixed and well-defined soft tissue mass. The final extirpated mass was $2.5{\times}2.4cm$ in size, and was accompanied by a $1{\times}1cm$ sized defect on the frontal bone with intact dura mater. The surgical wound was closed primarily by a layer-by-layer fashion. Histologic examination was later performed for definite diagnosis. The histologic examination revealed abnormal proliferation of Langerhans cell with granuloma formation. Radionuclide bone scan and positron emission tomography was taken and revealed free of multi-organ involvement. At 3 months after surgery, natural looking contour at the lateral eyebrow region was observed with no tumor recurrence. Differential diagnosis of the hard and fixed mass at the lateral eyebrow region affecting the primary skull lesion from pediatric population includes epidermoid cyst, dermoid cyst and LCH. Generally, brief physical examination with plain X-ray view can be performed for clinical evaluation, but for a definite diagnosis, contrast MRI may be helpful.