• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2024

Fire, being primarily a natural phenomenon, is impossible to control, although it is feasible to map the forest fire risk zone, minimizing the frequency of fires. The spread of a fire starting in any stand in a forest can be predicted, given the burning conditions. The natural cover of the land and the safety of the population may be threatened by the spread of forest fires; thus, the prevention of fire damage requires early discovery. Satellite data and geographic information system (GIS) can be used effectively to combine different forest-fire-causing factors for mapping the forest fire risk zone. This study mainly focuses on mapping forest fire risk in the Madikhola watershed. The primary causes of forest fires appear to be human negligence, uncontrolled fire in nearby forests and agricultural regions, and fire for pastoral purposes which were used to evaluate and assign risk values to the mapping process. The majority of fires, according to MODIS events, occurred from December to April, with March recording the highest occurrences. The Risk Zonation Map, which was prepared using LULC, Forest Type, Slope, Aspect, Elevation, Road Proximity, and Proximity to Water Bodies, showed that a High Fire Risk Zone comprised 29% of the Total Watershed Area, followed by a Moderate Risk Zone, covering 37% of the total area. The derived map products are helpful to local forest managers to minimize fire risks within the forests and take proper responses when fires break out. This study further recommends including the fuel factor and other fire-contributing factors to derive a higher resolution of the fire risk map.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.118-129
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• 2011

In this study, species resistant to forest fire were extracted from high trees through an investigation of combustion mechanism. Here, the average flameless ignition temperatures of living leaves, branches and barks of oak were respectively, $365^{\circ}C$, $440^{\circ}C$ and $435^{\circ}C$, and the average flameless ignition temperatures of living leaves, branches, barks and cones of pine tree were respectively, $320^{\circ}C$, $405^{\circ}C$, $435^{\circ}C$ and $363^{\circ}C$. It shows that generally, pine tree has a lower flameless ignition temperature than oak and thus, has a relatively high risk of flameless ignition. When comparing risk of fire depending on ignition characteristics, Quercus serrata had a low risk of stem fire, and Quercus acutissima and Quercus serrata had a low risk of crown fire, as well. When analysing risk of fire depending on a duration of flame, also, Quercus dentata had a low risk of stem fire, and Quercus variabilis Blume had a low risk of crown fire too. Lastly, when comparing risk of fire, according to heat release rates, Quercus acutissima had a low risk of stem fire, and Quercus acutissima and Quercus dentata had a low risk of crown fire, as well. In conclusion, it was observed that as fire-resistant species, Quercus serrata and Quercus dentata have a low risk of ignition, Quercus variabilis Blume has a short duration of flame after discharging ignition when a forest fire occurs, and Quercus acutissima, Pinus Rigida and Antipathes japonica Brook have low heat release rates.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02a
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• pp.157-160
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• 2008

This study analyzed on the area of Samcheok, Kangwondo about forest fire alarming area and enlargement of the area. Then, visible area by unattended watching camera and watchtower for forest fire which were run by Samcheok was cross-checked with geographic information system, and it could be whether effective on watching the area where the forest fire risk was high enough and also it could be expanded to larger forest fire. The result of study, the visible area by watching facilities only holds for 13.4% of the whole forest fire alarming area, but the forest fire can be observed even though it is occurred in small valley because of smoke and all the forest fire have been occurred in daytime. Therefore, it can be determined that watching area will be extended around 50.3% while the observation radii of watching facilities raise by 4km. However, Samcheok has much greater area of mountain area in compared to any other cities or counties, watching facilities should be installed and run additionally for extinguishing the forest fire from the beginning.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.296-304
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• 2017

In order to predict about forest fire behavior we constructed a database for combustion characteristic of forest fuels in Samcheok, Gangwon-do and prepared fire risk map and fire risk rating using GIS method in this study. For the mapping autoignition temperature, ignition time, flame duration time, total heat release and total smoke release are selected as the standardized parameters and the overall risk rating was made up of the ignition risk parameters(autoignition temperature, ignition time) and the spread risk parameters(flame duration time, total heat release, total smoke release). Forest fire risk was classified into 5 grades and lower grade of fire risk rating mean to correspond to more dangerous forest fire. As a result, the overall risk rating of Samcheok was classified into three grades from 1 to 3 and Nogok-myeon and Miro-myeon were turned out the most dangerous areas for forest fire. Because of the colony of pine and oak trees and the higher fire loads, the flame propagation will be carried out quickly in these areas.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.5_2
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• pp.781-791
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• 2022

It is crucial to provide forest fire risk forecast information to minimize forest fire-related losses. In this research, forecast models of forest fire risk at a mid-range (with lead times up to 7 days) scale were developed considering past, present and future conditions (i.e., forest fire risk, drought, and weather) through random forest machine learning over South Korea. The models were developed using weather forecast data from the Global Data Assessment and Prediction System, historical and current Fire Risk Index (FRI) information, and environmental factors (i.e., elevation, forest fire hazard index, and drought index). Three schemes were examined: scheme 1 using historical values of FRI and drought index, scheme 2 using historical values of FRI only, and scheme 3 using the temporal patterns of FRI and drought index. The models showed high accuracy (Pearson correlation coefficient >0.8, relative root mean square error <10%), regardless of the lead times, resulting in a good agreement with actual forest fire events. The use of the historical FRI itself as an input variable rather than the trend of the historical FRI produced more accurate results, regardless of the drought index used.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.37-46
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• 2004

In order to decrease the area damaged by forest fires and to prevent the occurrence of forest fires, we are making an effort to improve prevention measures for forest fires. The objective of this study is to classify hazard regions where forest fires occur based on the factors that contribute to the occurrence of forest fires. Forest fire sites in the Uiseong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do were surveyed according to the factors of forest type and topographic characteristics where the forest fires occurred. We used a correlation analysis to determine the forest fire occurrence factors and a conditional probability analysis and GIS to determine a forest fire danger index. The resulting forest fire danger index was used in the classification of forest fire occurrence risk regions.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.5_2
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• pp.785-798
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• 2023

Recently, forest fires have become frequent due to climate change, and the size of forest fires is also increasing. Forest fires in Korea continue to cause more than 100 ha of forest fire damage every year. It was found that 90% of the large-scale wildfires that occurred in Gangwon-do over the past five years were concentrated in the east coast area. The east coast area has a climate vulnerable to forest fires such as dry air and intermediate wind, and forest conditions of coniferous forests. In this regard, studies related to various forest fire analysis, such as predicting the risk of forest fires and calculating the risk of forest fires, are being promoted. There are many studies related to risk analysis for forest areas in consideration of weather and forest-related factors, but studies that have conducted risk analysis for forest-friendly areas are still insufficient. Management of forest adjacent areas is important for the protection of human life and property. Forest-adjacent houses and facilities are greatly threatened by forest fires. Therefore, in this study, a grid-based forest fire-related disaster risk map was created using factors affected by forest-neighboring areas using national branch numbers, and differences in risk ratings were compared for forest areas and areas adjacent to forests based on Gangneung forest fire cases.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2005

In order to decrease the area damaged by forest fires and to prevent the occurrence of forest fires, we are making an effort to improve prevention measures for forest fires. This study was conducted to forecast risk regions where forest fires occur based on the factors of forest type and topographic characteristics and predict hazard regions where forest fires is expanded to large-scale forest fire based on the forest type characteristics in Uiseong-Gun. The results of classification of forest fire risk and hazard regions using GIS indicate 4% of the total areas in Uiseong-Gun.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.02a
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• pp.217-222
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• 2007

Since 1973, we attain a successful achievement of nation-wide afforestation such as a thick forest and heaped-up leaves. However, the higher of the formation density in forest, the more dangerous to be a large-scale forest fire whenever fire occurs. According to the type of forest in the country, 42% of the forest is occupied by conifer forest that are highly flammable, and the distribution of forest age is in a transition period from immature forest to mature one. And the structure is too weak to the forest fire for the occurrence and spread because there are too many scrub and shrub trees in the forest. As a matter of course, it is on the increase of the thinning-forest that can shift the forest structure from a weak on forest fire to a strong one nowaday. In other words, thinning-forest has primary purposes such as the promotion of producing forest trees, production of excellent timbers, and build-up of public forest area. Furthermore, in some reports, the reduction of ladder fuel by eliminating the vertical/horizontal fuel in a forest and ensuring spaces in the forest can decrease the occurrence of forest fire and the risk of spread of burning as by-effect. Therefore, this study is designed to clarify the relation with the risk of forest fire by an on-spat-investigation of the characteristics of forest composition on the thinning and the non-thinning area.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.19 no.3 s.59
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• pp.64-69
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• 2005

In order to decrease the area damaged by forest fires and to prevent the occurrence of forest fires, we are making an effort to improve prevention measures for forest fires. The objective of this study is developing the forest fire occurrence probability model by means of forest site characteristics such as soil type, topography, soil texture, slope, and drainage and forest fire sites. Conditional probability analysis and GIS were used in developing the forest fire occurrence probability model that was used in the classification of forest fire occurrence risk regions.