• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

Purpose: This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal dimensions of individuals with skeletal class II, division 1 and division 2 patterns during the pre-peak, peak, and post-peak growth periods for comparison with a skeletal class I control group. Materials and Methods: Totally 124 lateral cephalograms (47 for skeletal class I; 45 for skeletal class II, division 1; and 32 for skeletal class II, division 2) in pre-peak, peak, and post-peak growth periods were selected from the department archives. Thirteen landmarks, 4 angular and 4 linear measurements, and 4 proportional calculations were obtained. The ANOVA and Duncan test were applied to compare the differences among the study groups during the growth periods. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the skeletal class II, division 2 group and other groups for the gonion-gnathion/sella-nasion angle. The sella-nasion-B-point angle was different among the groups, while the A-point-nasion-B-point angle was significantly different for all 3 groups. The nasopharyngeal airway space showed a statistically significant difference among the groups throughout the growth periods. The interaction among the growth periods and study groups was statistically significant regarding the upper oropharyngeal airway space measurement. The lower oropharyngeal airway space measurement showed a statistically significant difference among the groups, with the smallest dimension observed in the skeletal class II, division 2 group. Conclusion: The naso-oropharyngeal airway dimensions showed a statistically significant difference among the class II, division 1; class II, division 2; and class I groups during different growth periods.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.97-109
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• 2008

Objectives : Effects of Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) on intellectual development and learning ability were investigated growth and intellectual impairment rat with insufficient nutrition diet. Methods : We divided male Sprague-Dawley rats into 4 groups(A, B, C, D). They were normal group(A), growth deficiency rat with insufficient nutrition diet group(B), growth deficiency rat with 0.1% Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) group(C) and growth deficiency rat with 0.2% Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) group(D). They were administered for 5 weeks. We measured body weight, serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor and thyroid stimulating hormone, RBC, concentration of Hb and PCV ratio, total WBC and its composition, the values of plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) activities and morris water maze test in escape distance, escape time and escape speed. Results : 1. Body weight showed a tendency to increase in the Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups and 0.2% Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) group showed significantly different than control groups. 2. Serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor and thyroid stimulating hormone showed a tendency to increase in Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups, however these values showed no significantly different. 3. About the counts of RBC, 0.1% and 0.2% Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups showed significantly different than control groups. Concentration of Hb was higher than control group in Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups. And 0.2% Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) group showed significantly different than control groups in PCV ratio. 4. The counts of total WBC and its composition showed no significantly different in all treatment groups. 5. The values of plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) activities showed no significantly different in all treatment groups. 6. In the morris water maze test, in escape distance and escape speed, Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups showed no significantly different than control group. But Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups showed the increasing tendency. Conclusions : So Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) have an effect of promoting growth of rats and might be effect to treat various kinds of growth delay in children.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.624-629
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• 2008

Effects of Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong(Yongohkgo) on growth development and learning ability were investigated growth and intellectual impairment rat with insufficient nutrition diet. We divided male Sprague-Dawley rats into 4 groups. They were Normal group, Growth deficiency rat with insufficient nutrition diet group, Growth deficiency rat with 0.1% Yongohkgo group and 0.2% Yongohkgo group. They were administered for 5 weeks. We measured body weight, and morris water maze test in escape distance, escape time and escape speed, serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor and thyroid stimulating hormone, RBC, concentration of Hb and PCV ratio, total WBC and its composition, the values of GOT and GPT activities. The results are as follows that Yongohkgo 0.1%, 0.2% groups were showed significantly different than control groups in body weight and the counts of RBC. In the morris water maze test, in escape distance and escape time, in concentration of Hb and PCV ratio, 0.2% Yongohkgo group were significantly different than control groups. Serum growth hormone, insulin- like growth factor and thyroid stimulating hormone showed a tendency to increase in Yongohkgo groups. The counts of total WBC and its composition, GOT, GPT activities showed no significantly different in all treatment groups. These results suggested that Yongohkgo have an effect of promoting growth and learning ability of rats and might be effect to treat various kinds of growth and learning ability delay in children.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.106-113
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• 1983

The growth of Korean axolotl., Hynobius leechii, was analyzed in natural water as control group and in six copper ion groups contaminated by 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 ppm of copper ion. The copper ion checks the growth of the axolotl. The axolotl was not survived during 30 days in the copper ion of 0.3ppm, and, in the 0.4ppm the axolotl was not survived during 10 days after hatch. The growth of head width and body length show a convexing increase pattern, while that of hind leg shows a concaving increase pattern. The copper ion checks the development of hind leg. In the growth quantity of head width, body length and hid leg, that of natural water show the most rapid increase pattern, and copper ion groups of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3ppm follow in that order. The coefficient of relative growth($\alpha$) of control group is the greater value, and the copper ion groups of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3ppm follow in that order. The contaminated groups show the negative allometry in the relative growth of the containated groups to the natural water. Body length shows positive allometry, while hind leg shows negative allometry in the relative growth to head width.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.92-99
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• 2019

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of pharmacopuncture and dermal application of Sebalgukhwa-san extracts on hair growth in an alopecia mouse model. Methods: Twenty-one C57BL/6 mice were divided into 3 groups; control group-normal saline injection or vehicle solution application, positive control group-minoxidil (MNXD), experimental group-pharmacopuncture and applied Sebalgukhwa-san (SGS) extract. The effects of the treatment on hair growth, were determined through photographs, and phototrichogram analysis by folliscope. Hair follicle morphometry by hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed, and hair growth-related protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin like growth factor-1, and transforming growth factor-beta 1 were monitored by Western blotting. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were measured for liver function test. Results: Body weight increased consistently in all groups. Hair growth was improved in the MNXD and SGS groups compared with the control. Hair density and thickness improved statistically significantly in the MNXD and SGS groups compared with the control p < 0.05. The number of hair follicles improved in the MNXD and SGS groups compared with the control but the size did not. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and insulin like growth factor-1 increased, and there was a decrease in the expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in the MNXD and SGS groups compared with the control, however, there was no significant difference. Sebalgukhwa-san treatment had no toxicity in liver function tests. Conclusion: Pharmacopuncture and dermal application of Sebalgukhwa-san extract may be therapeutically beneficial for the treatment of alopecia.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 1968

In order to study the effect of source and level of the commonly used dietary fats on growth and metabolism of rats fed on low protein diet (rice diet) the weaning white rats were fed on various different experimental diets (see tables 1 and 2) during 11 weeks. The observations were made as follows : 1. Growth: (see table 3 and figures 1-9) In all dietary fats, among the 3 levels, 5% fat level is the best. Especially, the perilla oil group was remarkably good. 10% and 20% fat levels impaired the growth, consequently the growth rates of both 10% and 20% fat level groups were worse than those of Basal group (no fat added). However, 10% and 20% fat levels did not impaired the growth of VII group (10% soy flour added) In 5% fat level, the growth was good in sequence of perilla oil, tallow, sesame oil, soy oil and lard. 2. Feed consumption: (see table 3) In 20% fat level, the feed consumption was lowered. Generally, the feed consumption rate was proportional to the growth rate. In feed efficiency, 5% fat level was the best. 3. Liver weight: (see table 4) In liver weight per 100 G body weight, 20% fat level was the largest. This may be due to the poor body growth and liver fat accumulation. 4. Liver nitrogen: (see table 4) Generally, lower fat level groups showed liver nitrogen. Liver nitrogen is low in the groups of 20% fat level. 5. Liver fat: (see table 4) Generally, higher fat level groups showed higher liver fat. 6. Serum cholesterol: (see table 5) Generally, higher fat level groups showed higher serum cholesterol. Lard, sesame oil, and tallow groups showed higher level and soy oil and perilla oil groups showed lower level. Especially, perilla oil group showed remarkably lower level and VII group (10% soy flour added) showed lower level than VI group (same fat but no soy flour added).

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2009

Objectives This study was designed to evaluate the difference of between Kyungohkgo and Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong effects of growth Methods We divided male Spraque-Dawley rats into 6 groups. They were Normal group, Growth deficiency rat with insufficient nutrition diet group, Growth deficiency rat with 0.1% Kyungohkgo group, Growth deficiency rat with 0.2% Kyungohkgo group, Growth deficiency rat with 0.1% Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong group and Growth deficiency rat with 0.2% Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong group. They were administered for 5 weeks. We measured body weight, serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor and thyroid stimulating hormone, RBC, concentration of Hb and PCV ratio, total WBC and its composition, the values of plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) activities. Results 1. In body weight, Kyungohkgo 0.1%, Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong 0.1%, 0.2% groups were showed sighnificantly different than control group. But That groups were not showed significantly different than each others. 2. In serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor and thyroid stimulating hormone, we obtained the results of tendency to increase in Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong group, however these values showed no significantly different. 3. In the counts of RBC, Kyungohkgo group and Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong group were showed significantly different than control group. But these values showed no significantly different. In the concentration of Hb, Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong 0.2%group was showed significantly different than control group. Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong 0.2% group and Kyungohkgo 0.2% group were showed significantly different than control group. 4. The counts of total WBC and its composition showed no significantly different in all treatment groups. 5. The values of plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) activities showed no significantly different in all treatment groups. Conclusions So Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong and Kyungohkgo have an effect of promoting growth of rats. And We know that the effect of Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong is better than Kyungohkgo.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.74-86
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• 1991

This study tried to clear the characteristics of height growth pattern depending on Peak Height Velocity age in early, average and late groups. And in it, height growth tendency of girl students in age 7 to 18 years old was compared and investigated in order to know influencing factors, menarcheal age relation. The samples were senior girl students at high school in Seoul. Longitudinal data and survey data were collected in August, 1990. The results could be summarized as follows: 1. On distance curve, the height growth line in early group tended to be the highest and in late group the lowest. On the other hand, on velocity curve late group showed the highest peak and early group showed the lowest peak. In late group, velocity curve was too steep. Of course, these early, average and late groups were classified by PHV age. 2. In these three groups, late group showed the most growth amount per year. However, on distance curve, early group showed higher line than late group. Perhaps this means that peak growth amount in late group might have an effect on mean. 3. Growth amount of adolescence spurt age in these three groups was 6.86cm at age 9(early group), 7.27cm at l1(average group) and 7.65cm at 13(late group). In early group, because. PHV age came too early, it was difficult to find exact adolescence spurt period. In early group, the adolescence spurt period is considered to come at about age 7 to 9. In average group, at 9 to 11 and at 12 to 13 in late group. Especially, spurt of late group was remarkable. 4. When the growth amount of PA, before PA and after PA was compared, growth amount of PA in all three groups was about 20%. In early group, growth amount of APV tended to be large and in late group, that of APV tended to be large and in late group, that of BPV was large. In average group, growth amount of BPV was larger than that of APV. 5. For the purpose of comparing total height growth amount of these groups at age 18, the height growth was assumed to be over. And then, the difference of three groups was studied but it's not significant. 6. Although the difference between height growth and family environment, dietary habits, exercise, disease history in these three groups was investigated, only the income was significant. The significance of all the other factors was not approved. 7. When menarcheal age was compared with PA, generally we know menarche appeared after 1∼2 years of PHV age. But in case of early group, the difference between PHV age and menarcheal age was 5.34 years. In average group, 2.45 years and 0.82 years in late group.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.436-446
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary enzymatic hydrolysates using squid and mackerel by-product on feed efficiency, growth and chemical composition in Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) after a eight weeks feeding experiment. Effects on the weight gain and feed efficiency in the enzymatic hydrolysates added groups were very effective. Weight gain were significantly higher in the squid hydrolysates whole added group than in the other groups. Moisture and crude ash contents of muscle were not significantly affected by hydrolysates supplementation in all groups. Crude protein and lipid contents of muscle were increased after eight weeks feeding trial. Amino acid contents of muscle were higher in squid hydrolysates whole added group than in the other groups. Amino acids were not affected by hydrolysates supplementation in all groups. Fatty acid contents of muscle were increased after eight weeks growth trial. Fatty acids were not significantly different in the dietary groups.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.233-246
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine whether a MBTI based self growth program had any effect on improving the ego identity, self efficacy, interpersonal relations ability and adjustment of nursing students. Method: The subjects in this study were 56 juniors who were majoring in nursing science at H and S college in Chungnam province. At each college, an experimental group and a control group were organized with 26 and 30 students respectively, and the data were gathered at H college from April 6 through May 14, 2004, and at S college from May 31 through July 3, 2004. A MBTI based self growth program was conducted 10 times for five weeks, twice a week and for 120 minutes each. And the ego identity, self efficacy, interpersonal relations ability and adjustment of the selected students were measured and compared to see if that program has any effect on above variables. For data handling, SAS 8.0 program was employed. Fisher's exact test and unpaired t-test were used to confirm whether or not the experimental and control groups were equivalent. Before the experiment, their ego identity, self efficacy, interpersonal relations ability and adjustment were tested by one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's multiple comparison in consideration of their general characteristics, and paired t-test and ANCOVA were utilized to see if that program brought any changes to their ego identity, self efficacy, interpersonal relations ability and adjustments. Result: The findings of the study were as follows; After the MBTI based self growth program was applied, the experimental groups made a significant progress in ego identity than the control groups. And the experimental groups underwent a significantly change in ego identity after the experiment, compared to the control groups. The experimental groups showed a significant improvement in self efficacy than the control group, and the experimental groups showed significant change in self efficacy than the control groups after the experiment. The experimental group showed a significant progress in interpersonal relations ability than the control group did, and the former groups underwent significant change in that regard than the control groups after the experiment. There was no difference in adjustment between the experimental and control groups. The experimental groups showed significant change in adjustment than the control groups after the experiment, but the difference was insignificant. After this program was implemented, the students underwent changes in self understanding, self accepting, understanding others and accepting others. They also had more confidence and more positive self images, and they were better able to tide over difficulties with others. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that the MBTI based self growth program might serve to enhance the ego identity, self efficacy and interpersonal relations ability of the nursing students and brought inner changes to them. Therefore, the MBTI based self growth program was expected to make a great contribution to the character building of nurses.