• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.871-877
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• 2012

An error analysis of PPP (Precise Point Positioning) using IF (Ionosphere Free) combination is given in this paper. It is shown that the performance of the ordinary model with positions, clock bias, integer ambiguities and ionosphere delay as unknowns is equivalent to that of an ionosphere difference combination where ionosphere delay is cancelled out. Furthermore, it is shown that IF combination is an ionosphere difference combination but not unique. It is also proved that all difference models show same performances. The error analysis evaluated with a hardware simulator and real measurements show that the ionosphere delay is effectively eliminated by IF combination or equivalently by the ionosphere difference combination. However, if bias errors such as troposphere, clock bias or multipath are included in the measurements, the performance of the IF combination is degraded because the bias errors are amplified by the ionosphere difference operation.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.359-367
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• 2023

In order to ensure the high-integrity of reference stations of satellite navigation system, cycle slip should be precisely monitored and compensated. In this paper, we proposed a cycle slip algorithm for the integrity monitoring of the reference stations. Unlike the legacy method using the Melbourne-Wübbena (MW) combination and ionosphere combination, the proposed algorithm is based on ionosphere combination only, which uses high precision carrier phase observations without pseudorange observations. Two independent and complementary ionosphere combinations, Ionospheric Negative (IN) and Ionospheric Positive (IP), were adopted to avoid insensitive cycle slip pairs. In addition, a second-order time difference was applied to the IN and IP combinations to minimize the influence of ionospheric and tropospheric delay even under severe atmosphere conditions. Then, the cycle slip was detected by the thresholds determined based on error propagation rules, and the cycle slip was identified through weighted least square method. The performance of the proposed cycle slip algorithm was validated with the 1 Hz dual-frequency carrier phase data collected under the difference levels of ionospheric activities. For this experiment, 15 insensitive cycle slip pairs were intentionally inserted into the raw carrier phase observations, which is difficult to be detected with the traditional cycle slip approach. The results indicate that the proposed approach can successfully detect and compensate all of the inserted cycle slip pairs regardless of ionospheric activity. As a consequence, the proposed cycle slip algorithm is confirmed to be suitable for the reference station where real time high-integrity monitoring is crucial.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of ACRS 2003 ISRS
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• pp.537-539
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• 2003

We present a GPS-derived regional ionosphere model, which estimates Total Electron Content (TEC) in rectangular grids on the spherical shell over Korea. The GPS data from nine GPS stations were used. The pseudorange data were phase-leveled by a linear combination of pseudoranges and carrier phases. During a quiet day of solar activity, the regional ionosphere map indicated 30-45 Total Electron Content Unit (TECU) at the peak of the diurnal variation. In comparison with the Global Ionosphere Map of the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe, RMS differences were at the level of 4-5 TECU for five days.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.7-17
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• 2017

In South Korea, there are about 80 Global Positioning System (GPS) monitoring stations providing total electron content (TEC) every 10 min, which can be accessed through Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) for scientific use. We applied the computerized ionospheric tomography (CIT) algorithm to the TEC dataset from this GPS network for monitoring the regional ionosphere over South Korea. The algorithm utilizes multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART) with an initial condition of the latest International Reference Ionosphere-2016 model (IRI-2016). In order to reduce the number of unknown variables, the vertical profiles of electron density are expressed with a linear combination of empirical orthonormal functions (EOFs) that were derived from the IRI empirical profiles. Although the number of receiver sites is much smaller than that of Japan, the CIT algorithm yielded reasonable structure of the ionosphere over South Korea. We verified the CIT results with NmF2 from ionosondes in Icheon and Jeju and also with GPS TEC at the center of South Korea. In addition, the total time required for CIT calculation was only about 5 min, enabling the exploration of the vertical ionospheric structure in near real time.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.143-156
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• 2020

Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) installed an ionospheric sounding radar system called Vertical Incidence Pulsed Ionospheric Radar (VIPIR) at Jang Bogo Station (JBS) in 2015 in order to routinely monitor the state of the ionosphere in the auroral oval and polar cap regions. Since 2017, after two-year test operation, it has been continuously operated to produce various ionospheric parameters. In this article, we will introduce the characteristics of the JBS-VIPIR observations and possible applications of the data for the study on the polar ionosphere. The JBS-VIPIR utilizes a log periodic transmit antenna that transmits 0.5-25 MHz radio waves, and a receiving array of 8 dipole antennas. It is operated in the Dynasonde B-mode pulse scheme and utilizes the 3-D inversion program, called NeXtYZ, for the data acquisition and processing, instead of the conventional 1-D inversion procedure as used in the most of digisonde observations. The JBS-VIPIR outputs include the height profiles of the electron density, ionospheric tilts, and ion drifts with a 2-minute temporal resolution in the bottomside ionosphere. With these observations, possible research applications will be briefly described in combination with other observations for the aurora, the neutral atmosphere and the magnetosphere simultaneously conducted at JBS.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.167-173
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• 2006

전리층은 안테나에서 수신되는 GPS 신호에 가장 큰 오차를 유발시킨다. 이중 주파수(L1,L2)를 모두 사용하는 수신기는 두 주파수의 선형조합을 통해 전리층의 오차를 효율적으로 제거할 수 있지만, 단일 주파수 수신기(L1)는 전리층 모델을 이용하여 오차를 계산해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 한국천문연구원에서 운영하는 9개의 GPS 기준국 망 데이터를 이용하여 위 경도 각각 $1^{\circ}{\times}1^{\circ}$의 공간 해상도를 갖는 격자 기반의 새로운 전리층 모델을 개발하였고, 매 관측 시간대별로 한반도 상공의 총전자수(Total Electron Contents, TEC)를 계산하였다. 기존의 Klobuchar 모델과 새롭게 개발된 KASI 전리층 모델에 의한 측위 결과를 서로 비교하였고, 전리층의 총전자수 변화에 따른 모델의 정밀도를 제시하였다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.283-292
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• 2005

우주환경과 밀접한 연관성을 갖고 있는 전리층은 매질의 전자기적 특성상 전파 신호에 간섭을 유도하게 되는데, 전리층 통과시 GPS 신호에 인가되는 이러한 오차를 분석함으로써 전리층의 상태를 추정할 수 있으며, 이는 상충 대기의 순환과 전지구적인 변화 및 우주환경의 물리적 특성을 이해하는 중요한 열쇠가 될 수 있다. 전리층 총 전자수를 정밀하게 측정하기 위해 한국천문 연구원에서 운영하는 9개의 GPS 관측망 데이터를 사용하였으며, 코드 데이터 잡음을 줄이기 위해 의사거리 데이터를 반송파 위상 데이터와 선형 조합을 하였다. 또한 한반도 상공의 위 경도를 $0.25^{\circ}{\times}0.25^{\circ}$의 공간 해상도로 분할하여 각 격자점의 총 전자수를 추정하는 격자 방식의 지역적 전리층 모델을 개발하였으며, 전리층의 정 밀도 향상을 위 해 Inverse Distance Weight(IDW) 기법과 칼만 필터를 적용하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 지역적 전리층 모델과 전세계 전리층 분석센터에서 제시하는 글로벌 모델(GIMs)을 8일 동안 자료 처리 비교한 결과 평균적으로 3 ~ 4 Total Electron Contents Unit(TECU)의 RMS값 차이를 보였다.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.157-166
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• 2023

Several experiments were carried out to analyze the impact of the modernized Global Positioning System (GPS) L2C signal on pseudorange-based point positioning. Three dual-frequency positioning algorithms, ionosphere-free linear combination, ionospheric error estimation, and simple integration, were used, and the results were compared with those of Standard Point Positioning (SPP). An analysis was conducted to determine the characteristics of each dual-frequency positioning method, the impact of the magnitude of ionospheric error, and receiver grade. Ionosphere-free and ionospheric error estimation methods can provide improved positioning accuracy relative to SPP because they are able to significantly reduce the ionospheric error. However, this result was possible only when the ionospheric error reduction effect was greater than the disadvantage of these dual-frequency positioning algorithms such as the increment of multipath and noise, impact of uncertainty of unknown parameter estimation. The RMSE of the simple integration algorithm was larger than that of SPP, because of the remaining ionospheric error. Even though the receiver grade was different, similar results were observed.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.277-284
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• 2003

이온층 구면을 사각형 격자로 분할하여 각 격자에서 총전자수를 추정하는 지역적 GPS 이 온층 모델을 제시한다. 한반도 상공을 위도와 경도 1$^{\circ}$$\times$1$^{\circ}$의 공간해상도를 가진 격자로 구분하고 칼만 필터(Kalman filter)를 이용하여 격자 상의 총전자수를 추정하였다. 이 연구를 위해 한국천문연구원에서 운영하고 있는 전국 규모의 9개 GPS 상시 관측소의 데이터를 이용하였다. 수신된 의사거리 데이터의 측정 잡음을 줄이기 위해 의사거리와 반송파 위상 데이터를 선형 조합한 위상보정 의사거리(phase-leveled pseudorange) 데이터를 새롭게 만들어 사용하였다. 또한 지역적 이온층의 변화에 적합한 태양-지자기 좌표계(solar-geomagnetic reference frame)를 이용하였다. 태양 활동이 비교적 활발하지 않은 때의 경우, 이 연구의 모델은 이온층 활동이 활발한 낮 시간대의 총전자수가 대략 30-45 TECU 정도로 나타났다. 이 모델의 신뢰성을 평가하기 위해 한국천문연구원(Korea Astronomy Observatory, KAO)의 지역적 모델과 Center for Orbit Determination in Europe의 전 지구적 모델에 의한 총전자수를 동일 지역에 대해 비교했을 때 5일 동안 약 4-5 TECU 정도의 RMS 차이를 보였다.

• 한국측량학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국측량학회 2010년 춘계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.183-185
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• 2010

There are many error sources in GPS signal propagation because the signals do not propagate in vacuum. The GPS observations should be preprocessed before they are used for positioning. The cycle slip and outlier detection algorithms are tested in this study in RINEX level using various linear combinations of the observables. The elbourne-Wubbena (M-W) linear combination has an advantage of long wavelength with low noise, and the geometry-free and ionosphere-free linear combinations are used as well to clean the measurements.