• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.43-61
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• 2019

There has been much recent interest and research into meridian theory. Two main types of meridian theory generally identified: the forward heart meridian system and the circulative meridian system. Little attention has been paid to how these types of alignments operate in the Zhenjiuzishengjing (鍼灸資生經) and the Shisijingfahui (十四經發揮). This paper reviews the meridian systems of these two texts and compares them to the meridian and collateral theory found in the Huangdineijing (黃帝內經). It compares the meridian point systems of the various texts and their alignment by location and meridian to shows how the meridian-based method used in the Zhenjiuzishengjing is similar to the forward heart meridian system found in the "Benshu" (本輸) section of the Neijing while the method used in the Shisijingfahui is close to circulative meridian system found in the "Jingmai" (經脈) section of the Neijing.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-25
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• 2009

Objectives : Medical qigong, originated from Mawangdui Daoyintu (馬王堆 導引圖), mainly consists of meditation, physical movements, and breathing exercises. It has been widely used to cure a variety of diseases as a regimen in Oriental medicine. This study was aimed to analyze the characteristics of medical qigong movements in the Mawangdui Daoyintu and to observe a link between each medical qigong movement and meridian system. Methods : We extracted fourteen medical qigong movements from forty-four figures in Mawangdui Daoyintu. We compared the 14 medical qigong movements of the Mawangdui Daoyintu with other types' movements of medical qigong methods. We also analyzed each movement of medical qigong in Mawangdui Daoyintu with a perspective of meridian system. Results : We found that there were common features between the medical qigong movements of the Mawangdui Daoyintu and other types' movements of medical qigong methods, including Yukjagyeol (六字訣), Paldangum (八段錦), Yukgengyeng (易筋經) and so on. From the comparison of each movement and meridian qi flow, we also found several movements related with Liver meridian and one movement related with several meridians. Conclusions : Our findings would be beneficial to understand the movements of medical qigong in the Mawangdui Daoyintu from the perspective of meridian system. This would be useful to develop a new medical qigong movements applying the meridian qi system for health and healing.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1030-1033
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• 2007

Following conclusions about Taeyang meridian and Taeyang type were obtained through studies with reference to the books of ${\ll}$Donguibogam${\gg}$, ${\ll}$Hwangjaenaegyung${\gg}$, and ${\ll}$Special Lectures of Master Jisan on Medical cases${\gg}$ . Park noticed that there was difference in the development of 12 meridians among the individuals and tried to apply it in the diagnosis and the treatment of the disease, thereby creating the theory of the six meridian types. The literal basis is assumed to a phrase in ${\ll}$YoungChu GyungMaek${\gg}$ , ‘人經不同 絡脈異所別也’. Taeyang meridian runs through the back of the human body. The concept of TaeYang includes surface, starting point, diffusion of Yang Gi, and emission. Small intestine meridian of hand Taeyang manages the liquid and Bladder meridian of foot Taeyang manages the muscle. There is much flow of blood and less of Gi in Taeyang meridian which makes the connection to hair, flesh, liquid, muscle and vessel. Taeyang conceals and condenses objects because it belongs to Hansu according to division of Six atmospheric influences and to the winter. The articulation is stiff and urination and elimination are abnormal when disease occurs in this meridian. The pathology of Taeyang meridian would be the invasion of outer filthy Gi affecting the Bladder meridian of foot Taeyang which then again makes Kidney meridian of foot Soeum sick. The two meridians compose the outer part and the inner part of th body. The bladder itself becomes sick sometimes. The condition of less Gi in Taeyang meridian can easily result in the shortage of Gi, and much blood makes the person to have a lofty ideal or to have capricious behavior.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.85-99
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• 2006

Objectives : Proper acupuncture stimulation is associated with a characteristic set of sensation usually referred to as 'De-Qi'. In order to develop the appropriate sham acupuncture, various sensations to each stimulation should be considered through analysis of the profiles of acupuncture sensation. It was therefore investigated to compare the acupuncture sensation scale (ASS) of two types of sham acupuncture to that of the real acupuncture. Methods : Ninety-four participants (mean age 26.4, range 26-49) were asked to complete five point-Likert scale ASS developed by Vincent et al. after real or two-kinds of sham acupuncture stimulation: blunted tip sham acupuncture (BT) and round tip sham acupuncture (RT). Needling was done at LI4 acupoint on non-dominant hand and stimulated for 30 seconds with real or two-kinds of sham needle. Finger withdrawal latency (FWL) of each group was also measured to evaluate the pain sensitivity to noxious heat stimuli. Results : BT acupuncture significantly less produced penetrating, numb, intense, hurting, pulling, shock, tingling, throbbing sensation than real acupuncture stimulation. RT acupuncture significantly less produced penetrating, burning, electric, numb, intense, hurting, pulling, aching, shasharp, shock, stinging, tingling, throbbing sensation than real acupuncture. Each group did not demonstrate the differences of pain sensitivity to noxious stimuli. Conclusions : These results indicated that types of tip of acupuncture produced different kinds of acupuncture sensation. Our finding provides a general information of sensations to two kinds of sham acupuncture for development of ideal placebo sham needle.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.67-84
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• 2006

Objectives : This clinical trial is to know how significant the acupuncture treatments are which were done on appropriate acupuncture-points with using method of classification by meridian pathways along the parts of the shoulder pain. Methods : 27 shoulder pain patients who participated in the clinical study in the Bukpyeoung haemalkeun oriental medical clinic which is located in Donghae city were classified 3 types(Yangmyeng, Soyang, Taeyang meridian type) according to their different parts of the shoulder pain. They have been acupunctured in their applied acupoints in the body 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Results : After 4 weeks of the treatments, there were statistically meaningful treatment effect in all index in Yangmyeng meridian type. In Soyang meridian type, there were statistically meaningful treatment effect in 'subjective symptom of shoulder pain','shoulder pain and disability index', 'visual analog scale'. In Taeyang meridian type, statistically effective treatment result was found in 'shoulder pain and disability index' Conclusions : Every type has statistically meaningful treatment effects according to the analysis of the results.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.383-417
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• 1994

By making use of the EAV(Electroacupuncture acc. Voll) combined meridian theory of oriental medicine with electronics which was contrived to recognize the physiological and pathological changes of human body, the following conclusions were made in comparison with EAV measurements and types of symptoms(anxiety & headache, fatigue, palpitation, dizzness, abdominal distension. nausea, gastric disturbance. constipation & diarrhea, fatty liver, cva), QSCC, and blood type test. 367 patients including 124 with nervous gastrointestinal problems were selected for this research. 1. From the point of variance of the tested patients 124 nervous gastrointestinal patients, Liver meridian and Spleen meridian showed hyperenergia and Large intestine meridian, Circulation meridian, Triple warmer meridian showed hypoergia 2. In each symptom as the nervous gastrointestinal symptom Liver meridian showed hyperenergia, Large intestine meridian, Circulation meridian and Triple warmer meridian showed hypoergia . 3. In an objective comparison with other symptoms, firstly among the headache & anxiety group left Gall Bladder, Triple warmer and Stomach meridian showed remarkable hypoergia, secondly among fatigue group showed hypoergia in Triple warmer meidian and hyperenergia of Stomach meridian. and thirdly among palpitation group showed hypoergia of Kidney meridian, and lastly among dizzness group showed hypoergia of Gall Bladder, Stomach, Circulation and Small intestine meridian. 4. All of gastric disturbance, nausea, abdominal distention, constipation and diarrhea group showed hyperenergia in Stomach meridian and Spleen meridian. gastric disturbance group showed remarkably hypoergia in Circulation. Small intestine, Lung and Large intestine meridian. Nausea group showed hypoergia in Gall bladder and Urinary bladder meridian. Abdominal distenton group showed hypoergia of Large intestine. Constipation and diarrhea group showed hypoergia of Kidney and left Circulation meridian. 5. Fatty liver group showed hyperenergia of Liver meridian of 83.3%, Gall Bladder, Stomach and Spleen meridian. Urinary bladder and Kidney meridian showed hypoergia 6. CVA group showed hyperenergia in Liver and Circulation meridian. 7. Blood type in typical classification had no significant bearings on each other. 8. QSCC for the attempt of objective materials of constitutional diagnosis had no correlativity in comparison with EAV measurements. In conclusion EAV is thought be used as a diagnostic method in oriental medicine and further research is needed regarding it can be used as a useful method for verifying the characteristics and early finding of symptoms.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.43-67
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• 1995

By making use of the EVA(Electroacupuncture acc. Voll) combined meridian theory of oriental medicine with electronics which was contrived to recognize the physiological and pathological changes of human body, the following conclusions were made in comparison with EAV measurements and types of symptoms(anxiety & headache, fatigue, palpitation, dizzness, abdominal distension, nausea, gastric distubance, constipation & diarrhea, fatty liver, CVA), QSCC, and blood type test. 367 patients including 124 with nervous gastrointestinal problems were selected for this research. 1. From the point of variance of the tested patients 124 nervous gastrointestinal patients, Liver meridian and Spleen meridian showed Hyperenergia and Large intestine meridian, Circulation meridian, Tripe warmer meridian showed hypoergia. 2. In each symptom as the nervous gastrointestinal symptom Liver Meridian showed hyperenergia, Large intestine meridian, Circulation meridian and Triple warmer meridian showed hypoergia. 3. In an objective Comparison with other symptoms, firstly among the headache & anxiety group left Gall Bladder, Triple warmer and Stomach meridian showed remarkable hypoergia, secondly among fatigue group showed hypoergia in Triple warmer meridian and hyperenergia of Stomach meridian, and thirdly among palpitation group showed hypoergia of Kidney meridian, and lastly among dizzness group showed hypoergia of Gall bladder, Stomach, Circulation and Small intestine meridian. 4. All of gastric distubance, nausea, abdominal distention, constipation and diarrhea group showed hyperenergia in Stomach meridian and spleen meridian, gastric disturbance group showed remarkably hypoergia in Circulation, Small intestine, Lung and Large intestine meridian, Nausea group showed hypoergia of large intestine, Constipation and diarrhea group showed hypoergia of Kidney and left Circulation meridian. 5. Fatty liver group showed hyperenergia of Liver meridian of 83.3%, Gall Bladder, stomach and Spleen meridian, Urinary bladder and Kidney meridian showed hypoergia. 6. CVA group showed hyperenergia in Liver and Corculation meridian. 7. Blood type in typical classification had on signigicant bearings on each other. 8. QSCC for the attempt of objective materials of constitutional diagnosis had no correlaticity in comparison with EAV measurements. In conclusion EAV is thought be used as a diagnostic method in oriental medicine and further research is needed regarding it can be used as useful method for verifying the characteristics and early finding of symptoms.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.26-35
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was done to compare the effects of abdominal aroma massage and meridian massage on constipation and stress in college women with functional constipation. Methods: The participants were 38 college women, 18 were in the aroma group and 20 in the meridian group. The aroma massage was given using aroma oil which was a mixture of lemon, lavender, rosemary, and cyprus. The meridian massage was given at 9 accupoints which influence intestinal functions. The treatment was given 5 days a week for 4 weeks. A constipation severity score, weekly defecation frequency, and a stress response score were measured before and every week of 4 weeks of the experiment. Results: While there was no significant difference between two groups, there was a significant difference within the groups in the constipation severity (aroma group: 1st week, meridian group: except 4th week), defecation frequency (aroma group: 3rd week, meridian group: 2nd and 3rd week), and stress (aroma group: all weeks, meridian group: except 4th week) after different duration of experiment. Conclusion: Based on these results, both abdominal massages relieved constipation and stress. Resorting to either types of massage will contribute to the reduction of use of stool softeners, suppositories, or enemas.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.23-41
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• 2011

Objective: The number of patients with chronic pain has increased over the past several decades. Seventy-eight percent of people over 60 in Korea suffer from many kinds of pain. This study was aimed to understand the current state of Oriental medicine for pain treatment. Method: We surveyed 415 Oriental medical doctors with items including rate of patients with pain, methods of diagnosis and of treatment. We also reviewed previous studies evaluating the effect of Oriental medicine for pain treatment. Results: About 85% doctors said that more than half of their patients have pain symptoms. The most common pain types were sprain and lower back pain. Diagnosis method depended on the pain type, but in all pain types, acupuncture treatment was the most used. In the result of review of previous studies, acupuncture treatment seemed to be effective for several pain symptoms, such as sprain and knee pain. However, the effect of Oriental medicine was controversial in most pain treatments. Conclusion: Oriental medicine is used a lot for pain treatment. However, many more mechanism studies and clinical trials should be conducted to establish the evidence.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.421-430
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• 2012

Objectives : We investigated the incidence rate and type of adverse events associated with RCTs(Randomized Controlled Trials) of acupuncture and moxibustion. Methods : This study included 949 patients who received acupuncture or moxibustion or usual care from 8 RCTs. We collected data including gender and age of patients, intervention, treatment frequency and type of adverse events in clinical trials from their case report forms. Results : Among the 949 patients, 83 patients(8.7%) suffered at least one adverse event throughout the clinical trials. Types of adverse event in acupuncture & moxibustion clinical trials are common cold, skin changes, pain, dizziness, bruise, gastrointestinal diseases, changes of blood chemistry, burn. Adverse events were significantly correlated to patients' age, intervention, body mass index and treatment group. Conclusions : A Guide-line for collecting and managing adverse events of acupuncture & moxibustion clinical trials are needed.