• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.807-813
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate the acupuncture points and the The Meridians and Collaterals which are often applicable to Allergic Rhinitis treatment and to help us do a clinical diagnosis. In my discretion, to study Allergic Rhinitis, investigating rhinitis, syuffy nose and nasal mucus is essential. And 1 investigated the acupuncture points and The Meridians and Collaterals and dialectic patterns which are useful for the acupuncture and moxibustion treatment. 1 also investigated the correlation of the acupuncture points, and The Meridians and Collaterals and other dialectic patterns. The order of frequency in use of The Meridians and Collaterals is The Governor Vessel, The Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming, The Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang and the order of frequency in moxibustion is The Governor Vessel, The Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming. In the acupuncturation of stuffy nose, there are 33 points, and the order of frequency in use is LU2O, GV23, LU4, GBI 5, GV2O, BL7, GV22. In the acupuncturation of nasal mucus, there are 21 points, and the order of frequency in use is LU2O,, GV23, GVl6, GV26, BLl2, GV2O, GB2O. It is thought that acupuncture points LU2O, GV23, LU4 can go through the nasal cavity and remove wind fever. And those are used for the face and the five sensory organs diseases. It means that those acupuncture points have similar efficacy. It is thought that The Meridians and Collaterals of The Governor Vessel, The Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming, The Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang go on a patrol near nose and cure nose disease.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.151-159
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• 1994

Authors experienced a case of intermediate grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma in 29-year-old female. The origin of this tumor might be mucus secreting cells of palatal mucous gland. The characteristic features were as follows: 1. In clinical examination, exopytic mass was observed in left hard palate and similar to pleomorphic adenoma. 2. In radiographic findings, destructive changes of left hard palate, nasal septum, nasal inferior turbinate and floor of maxillary sinus and soft tissue mass were observed. 3. Histopathologically, mucus-secreting cells, epidermoid cells and intermediate cells were observed and diagnosed as intermediate grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.353-361
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• 2022

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifactorial, heterogeneous disease characterized by persistent inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa and tissue remodeling, which can include basal/progenitor cell hyperplasia, goblet cell hyperplasia, squamous cell metaplasia, loss or dysfunction of ciliated cells, and increased matrix deposition. Repeated injuries can stimulate airway epithelial cells to produce inflammatory mediators that activate epithelial cells, immune cells, or the epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit. This persistent inflammation can consequently induce aberrant tissue remodeling. However, the molecular mechanisms driving disease within the different molecular CRS subtypes remain inadequately characterized. Numerous secreted and cell surface proteins relevant to airway inflammation and remodeling are initially synthesized as inactive precursor proteins, including growth/differentiation factors and their associated receptors, enzymes, adhesion molecules, neuropeptides, and peptide hormones. Therefore, these precursor proteins require post-translational cleavage by proprotein convertases (PCs) to become fully functional. In this review, we summarize the roles of PCs in CRS-associated tissue remodeling and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting PCs for CRS treatment.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2014

An olfactory organ in Scartelaos gigas, so-called mudskipper known as adaptation to an amphibious lifestyle, was investigated anatomically and histologically. S. gigas possessed the paired olfactory organ comprising respectively the one elongated canal and two nasal sacs, lacrimal and ethmoidal nasal sac. The sensory epithelium developed partly in the canal contained four distinct types of cells: (1) receptor cell with 3 to 4 cilia in number, (2) supporting, (3) basal, (4) mucus cell. The sensory epithelium was also of transitional layer as multi cellularity structure. The non-sensory epithelium had no sensory elements. The two nasal sacs possessed typically a lot of mucin droplets. These results might be considered that anatomical structure and histological characters of the olfactory organ showing in S. gigas is adapted to semi-aquatic life associated with its ecological habit and habitat.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.36-50
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• 2005

Background and Objectives: Allergic rhinitis is an allergic reaction characterized by sneezingm itchy nose, mouth and throat, congestion and/or nasal discharge. The offending allergenes are usually pollens, molds, dust mites and animal allergen. Recently, the incidence of infectious nasal diseases tend to decrease. However, allergic rhinitis has increased and treatment in most cases has only deat with the symptom. Tongkyu-tang was composed of sixteen crude drugs. The Oriental Medical References mention therapeutic effects of Tongkyu-tang on nasal obstruction, watery nasal discharg. And Tongkyu-tang has clinically been used for the treatment of common cold, headache, sternutation, rhinitis etc. Speacially Tongkyu-tang is one of the most frequently used medical treatment for the allergic rhinitis. Experimental studies were conducted to investigate for the effect of Tongkyu-tang on the changes of neutrophil segment, lymphocyte, total IgE and nassal tissue in allergic rhinitis of ovalbumin-inhalation rat. Meterial and Methods: Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three group: normal group, control group, experimental group. To induce the allergic rhinitis in control group and experimental group, rats were sentitized intraperitoneally with 0.1 % ovalbumin solution 3 times at intervals of I week. Then intranasal sensitization was performed by diffusing 0.1 % ovalbumin solution 3 times at intervals of 2 days. After that time, rat in the experimental group were oral administration treated by Tongkyu-tang for 28 days. We observed changes in nasal tissue; changes in the number of white blood cell, red blood cell and total Ig E; also changes in the segment of neutrophil and lymphocyte in blood. And we observed the changes of AST, ALT of three group. We used anova test statistically. Result: The number of leucocyte remained unchanged between three group. The number of erythrocyte was increased in experimental group and control group when compared with the normal group. The segment of neutrophil, in blood was decreased in experimental group when compared with the control group but, that was not significant statistically(p<0.05). The promotion of lymphocyte in blood was significantly decreased in experimental group when compared with the Control group(p<0.05). Total IgE was decreased in experimental group when compared with the control group but, that was not significant statistically(p<0.05). The cilium be well preserved in experimental group: the nasal tissue in experimental group was similar to in the normal group. Congestion and expantion of grandular cell in nasal submucosa, hypertropy of epithelium in nasal mucosa, acid mucus in epithelium and neutral mucus in subepithelium were decreased in experimental group when compared with the control group. Effect of Tongkyu-tang on the liver function were also studies in rats. Treatment of Tongkyu-lang did not affected on AST and ALT. Conclusion: Considering the above experimental results, it is suggested that oral administration treatment using Tongkyu-lang, without worry about liver function injury, decreased response on an Animal model with Allergic Rhinitis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.45-52
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• 1996

In ancient times, respiration's perceived purpose was only to cool the blood, and nasal mucus was thought to be a discharge from the brain. Later it was demonstrated that fluids cannot travel from the brain to the nose. It appears that credit for pointing out the medical significance of bronchial secretions and the biological value of the exocrine function of the lungs belongs to Laennec. He described the “chronic idiopathic pituitous catarrh” known today as bronchorrhea, which is characterized by paroxysms of expectoration. The importance of all this is that airway secretions, and their alterations, became one of the cardinal signs of many respiratory diseases (1).

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.72-80
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• 2004

Background and Objectives: Recently the incidence of allergic rhinitis has increased but treatment in most cases has only dealt with the symptoms. Medicine has been developed that shows fewer side effects. However, some side effects and the psychological stress over taking medicine have remained. There have been no studies so far performed on the effect of Lizhongtang plus Baidusan Extract. This study aimed to find out the therapeutic effects of its exclusive use in rats with Allergic Rhinitis. Materials and Methods : Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: the control group, the cetirizine HCI group and the sample group. To induce allergic rhinitis in the control group, the cetirizine HCI group and the sample group, rats were sensitized intraperitoneally with 0.1$\%$ ovalumin solution 3 times at an interval of I week. Then intranasal sensitization was performed by diffusing 0.1$\%$ ovalumin solution 3 times at an interval of 2 days. After that time, rats of the cetirizine HCI group were orally administered with cetirizine HCI. Rats of the sample group were treated with Lizhongtang plus Baidusan Ex. for 28 days. We observed changes in nasal mucosa and submucosa. Also we found changes in the segment of neutrophil and lympocyte in Leukocyte. We used the statistical methods of ANOVA test(p 〈0.05). Results: The loss of the cilium and the secretion of mucus in the treated group was rare when compared to control group. Effects of Lizhongtang plus Baidusan Ex. on the liver function were also studied in rats. Treatment of Lizhongtang plus Baidusan Ex. did not affect AST and ALT. The segment of neutrophil was significantly increased in the treated group when compared with the control group and the cetirizine HCI group(p 〈0.05). The segment of lympocyte was significantly decreased in the treated group when compared with the control group and the cetirizine HCI group(p 〈0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that Lizhongtang plus Baidusan Ex. decreases the inflammatory response in rats with Allergic Rhinitis.

• CELLMED
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.25.1-25.7
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• 2020

Allergic Rhinitis (AR) is an IgE (immunoglobin-E) mediated inflammatory condition of upper respiratory tract; main clinical features involve runny nose, sneezing, nasal obstruction, itching and watery eyes. AR is a global problem and has large variations in incidences, currently affects up to 20% - 40% of the population worldwide. It may not be a life-threatening disease per se but indisposition from the condition can be severe and has the potential to adversely affect the daily functioning of life. Classical yoga literature indicates that, components of yoga have been used to treat numerous inflammatory conditions including upper respiratory tract. A few yoga intervention studies reported improvement in lung capacity, Nasal air flow and symptoms of allergic rhinitis. This review examined various anti-inflammatory pathways mediated through Yoga that include downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. The hypothalaminic-pitutary-adrenal (HPA) axis and vagal efferent stimulation has been reported to mediate anti-inflammatory effect. A significant reduction is also reported in other inflammatory biomarkers like- TNF-alpha, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), plasma CRP and Cortisol level. Neti, a yogic nasal cleansing technique, reported beneficial effect on AR by direct physical cleansing of thick mucus, allergens, and inflammatory mediator from nasal mucosa resulting in improved ciliary beat frequency. We do not find any study showing effect of yoga on neurogenic inflammation. In summary, Integrated Yoga Therapy may have beneficial effect in reducing symptoms and improving quality of life for patients with allergic rhinitis. Yoga may reduce inflammation through mediating neuro-endocrino-immunological network. Future studies are needed to explore the mechanism how yoga might modulate immune inflammation cascade and neurogenic inflammation at the cellular level in relevance to allergic rhinitis; the effects of kriyas (yogic cleansing techniques) also need to be evaluated in early and late phase of AR. So the proposed model could guide future research.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2016

Objective : For various reasons, Obesity & Rhinitis are constantly rising. So Interest of treatment has been expanding. We want to verify The Chungyeol (fire extinguishing) Lisup (Draining) effect of Bangpungtongsungsan on obese model of allergy rhinitis.Material and Methods : BALB/c mouse were divided four groups: control(CON), allergic induction(ARE), Bangpungtongsungsan extract administration(BTT), Bangpungtongsungsan double concentration extract administration (BT2T). Every group except control group were caused allergic rhinitis by Ovalbumin. BTT & BT2T were orally administered the Bangpungtongsungsan for 21days. Since then we observed the liver tissue cell and the nasal mucous membrane.Results : In comparison with ARE, experimental groups show relief of the nasal mucous membrane damage(secretion of mucus decrease, Itching decrease), Th2 eruption control(IL-4 decline), effect of anti-inflamatory(reducing TNF-α creation, decreasing of iNOS through NF-κB activation-inhibition). In addition, experimental groups show a loss in weight, diminished accumulation of fat. (decreasing within liver tissue, reducing TNF-α creation) BT2T is more effective to BTT.Conclusion : Bangpungtongsungsan treat obese model on allergy rhinitis thereby control fat augmentation, relieving inflammation.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.5-14
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• 1997

This paper documents a study of the physiology of the lung. The aim of this paper is to better comprehend the physiological function of lung. To this end, the relationship between the physiological function of the lung and the characteristics of the 'Keum Un Qi Hua'(金運氣化), and the functional changes of the lung and its surrounding physiological systems have been studied in their relationship to the concept of the organism as a whole. The results of this study are as follows; The function of the lung is comprehended as corresponding to the 'Keum Un Qi Hua'. In visceral phenomenon, the lung has specific relations with the large intestine(大腸), nase(鼻), skin and hair(皮毛), sweat gland(汗孔), nasal mucus(涕), spirit(氣魄), grief and melancholy(憂 悲), the lung channel of hand-taiyin(手太陰肺經), the large intestine channel of hand-yangming(手陽明大腸經). This is called ‘the physiological systems of the lung’, and because these mutual relations reflect the functional changes of the lung, it is applied as the elementary knowledge to diagnose and treat the lung. For instance, a deficiency of the 'Qi‘ of the lung brings on an unconsolidated defending energy whose manifestations are sweating spontaneously as well as being susceptible to the common cold due to a diability in fighting against external pathogenic factors. Invasion of the lung by external pathogenic factors blocks the movement of the 'Qi' of the lung, which results in nasal obstraction. watery nasal discharge and a hyposmia. So the physiological functions and pathological changes of the lung can be determined by observing ’the physiological systems of the lung‘ based on the precepts of oriental medicine. As a result, the function of the lung is to be understood based on the characteristics of the 'Keum Un Qi Hua'. Furthermore we can know that the physiological systems of the lung mirrors the functional changes of the lung.