• Journal of Life Science
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.33-42
• /
• 2002

In several species, a short period of ischemic preconditioning protects the heart by reducing the size of infarcts resulting from subsequent prolonged bouts of ischemia. The mechanism by which activation of ATP-sensitive $K^+$($K_ATP$) channels could provide the memory associated with ischemic preconditioning is still under debate. Several signal transduction pathways have been implicated in the mechanisms of protection induced by ischemic preconditioning. The exact receptor-coupled pathways involved in preconditioning remain to be identified. Likely extracellular agonists are those whose circulating levels increase under conditions that activate $K_ATP$ channels; these conditions include ischemia and ischemic preconditioning. Potential physiological agonists include the following: (1) nitric oxide; (2) catecholamine; (3) adenosine; (4) acetylcholine; (5) bradykinin and (6) prostacycline. The purpose of this review was to understand the mechanism by which biological signal transduction mechanism acts as a link in one or more known receptor-mediated pathways to increase $K_ATP$ channel activity during ischemic preconditioning.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.371-386
• /
• 2001

In this work we investigate the finite element preconditioning method for the $C^1$-cubic spline collocation discretizations for an elliptic operator A defined by $Au := -{\Delta}u + a_1u_x+a_2u_y+a_0u$ in the unit square with some boundary conditions. We compute the condition number and the numerical solution of the preconditioning system for the several example problems. Finally, we compare the this preconditioning system with the another preconditioning system.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전산유체공학회 2004년도 추계 학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.7-14
• /
• 2004

It is well known that preconditioning methods are efficient for convergence acceleration at compressible low Mach number flows. In this study, the original Euler equations and three preconditioners nondimensionalized differently are implemented in two dimensional inviscid bump flows using the 3rd order MUSCL and DADI schemes as flux discretization and time integration respectively. The multigrid and local time stepping methods are also used to accelerate the convergence. The test case indicates that a properly modified local preconditioning technique involving concepts of a global preconditioning one produces Mach number independent convergence. Besides, an asymptotic analysis for properties of preconditioning methods is added.

• 비파괴검사학회지
• /
• 제21권6호
• /
• pp.598-606
• /
• 2001

최근 전자장치의 고기능화에 따라서 반도체 장치의 고집적화는 물론 반도체 패키지의 박형화 추세에 있다. 이러한 반도체가 장치에 실장된 후에도 안정된 성능을 발휘할 수 있는지 여부에 대한 신뢰성을 보장하기 위해 조립 완료된 반도체 패키지에 대한 preconditioning 시험을 수행하게 된다. 또한 preconditioning 시험 전후에 초음파 주사 현미경을 이용한 검사를 실시함으로써 반도체 패키지에 대한 들뜸이나 패키지 크랙과 같은 내부 결함의 존재 여부를 알아보게 된다. 본 논문에서는 반도체 내부의 결함 유무를 효과적으로 검사할 수 있는 초음파를 이용한 신뢰성 평가 방법과 절차를 제시하고, preconditioning 시험 과정에서 수행되는 시험법을 통해 패키지 내부 결함을 야기하는 가장 중요한 요인이라 할 수 있는 수분에 의한 고장 메커니즘을 분명히 함으로써 반도체 패키지에 대한 일련의 고장 분석 및 신뢰성 평가 방법을 정립하고자 하였다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
• /
• 제33권8호
• /
• pp.8-17
• /
• 2005

저속 압축성 유동에서 사용하는 예조건화 기법은 수렴성 증진에 효과적이다. 본 연구에서는 일반적인 오일러 지배 방정식과 각각 다르게 무차원화한 세 가지 종류의 예조건화 기법을 3차 공간 정확도의 MUSCL, DADI, 다중 격자, 국소 시간 전진 기법을 이용하여 2차원 비점성 bump 유동에 적용하였다. 결과적으로 국소 예조건화 기법에 전역 예조건화 기법의 압력 항 무차원화 방법을 적용하면, 마하수에 무관한 수렴 특성을 얻을 수 있다. 또한, 점근해석을 이용하여 각 예조건화 기법의 특성에 대해 언급하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.225-234
• /
• 2018

Adenosine is a naturally occurring breakdown product of adenosine triphosphate and plays an important role in different physiological and pathological conditions. Adenosine also serves as an important trigger in ischemic and remote preconditioning and its release may impart cardioprotection. Exogenous administration of adenosine in the form of adenosine preconditioning may also protect heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Endogenous release of adenosine during ischemic/remote preconditioning or exogenous adenosine during pharmacological preconditioning activates adenosine receptors to activate plethora of mechanisms, which either independently or in association with one another may confer cardioprotection during ischemia-reperfusion injury. These mechanisms include activation of $K_{ATP}$ channels, an increase in the levels of antioxidant enzymes, functional interaction with opioid receptors; increase in nitric oxide production; decrease in inflammation; activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels; activation of kinases such as protein kinase B (Akt), protein kinase C, tyrosine kinase, mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases such as ERK 1/2, p38 MAP kinases and MAP kinase kinase (MEK 1) MMP. The present review discusses the role and mechanisms involved in adenosine preconditioning-induced cardioprotection.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.61-66
• /
• 1987

삼투처리와 무처리의 대두종자(품종 :Williams)에 대하여 두가지 온도(15, 3$0^{\circ}C$)에서 두가지의 종자수분함량(30%, 50%)으로 조절된 조건으로 0. 2, 4 및 8일간 전처리함에 있어서 시간별 세세구배치법 4반복으로 배치하여 발아와 묘신장을 조사하였던 바 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 콩의 묘신장은 30에서 2일간 전처리함으로서 촉진되었으나 같은 온도에서 전처리기간이 길수록 억제되었다. 2. 삼투처리후 전처리된 종자는 수분흡수와 묘신장이 떨어졌다. 3. 종자수분함량이 50%로 조절된 뒤 전처리된 것은 체의 수분함량을 증가시켰으며 4일간까지의 전처리는 묘신장을 크게 하였다. 4. 묘의 건물중에서는 전처리온도가 3$0^{\circ}C$ 일때와 종자수분함량이 50%로 조절되어 8일간 전처리하였을 때 감소되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.51-59
• /
• 1995

This study was designed to test whether or not 1) ischemia-reperfusion attenuates endothelium-dependent relaxation of coronary arteries and 2) preconditioning protects the arterial endothelium from ischemia-reperfusion injury. In anesthetized open chest rabbits, branches of the left circumflex artery were exposed to different combinations of the experimental conditions; ischemia (15 minutes), ischemia (15 minutes)-reperfusion (10 minutes), preconditioning ischemia, and pre-conditioning fellowed by ischemia-reperfusion. Preconditioning consisted of 3 occlusions of 2-min duration, each followed by n 5-min reperfusion. Rings of the artery exposed to the experimental condition and of normal left anterior descending coronary artery were prepared and suspended for isometric force measurement in organ chambers containing Krebs Ringer bicarbonate solution. The rings were contracted with 29.6 mM KCI. Ischemia alone did not attenuate endothelium-dependent relaxation by acetylcholine. However, ischemia-reperfusion significantly impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation. Endothelium-independent relaxation by sodium nitroprusside was not impaired by ischemia-reperfusion and the constrictive response to acetylcholine was not altered in reperfused rings without endothelium, compared with control rings. Arterial rings exposed to preconditioning followed by ischemia-reperfusion exhibited impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation by acetyl-choline. However, although preconditioning not fellowed by ischemia-reperfusion, attenuated endothelium-dependent relaxation at low concentrations of acetylcholine, the magnitude of the impairment by preconditioning followed by ischemia-reperfusion was significantly less than that of the impairment by ischemia-reperfusion alone. These data demonstrate that ischemia-reperfusion significantly attenuates endothelium-dependent relaxation by producing endothelial dysfunction and preconditioning Protects the endothelium of coronary arteries from ischemia-reperfusion injury.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.55-61
• /
• 2010

A dependence of weighting parameter in preconditioning method for solving low Mach number flow with incompressible flow nature is investigated. The present preconditioning method employs a finite-difference method applied Roe‘s flux difference splitting approximation with the MUSCL-TVD scheme and 4th-order Runge-Kutta method in curvilinear coordinates. From the computational results of benchmark flows through a 2-D backward-facing step duct it is confirmed that there exists a suitable value of the weighting parameter for accurate and stable computation. A useful method to determine the weighting parameter is introduced. With this method, high accuracy and stable computational results were obtained for the flow with low Mach number in the range of Mach number less than 0.3.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.145-152
• /
• 2017

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is an intrinsic phenomenon whereby 3~4 consecutive ischemia-reperfusion cycles to a remote tissue (non-cardiac) increases the tolerance of the myocardium to sustained ischemia-reperfusion induced injury. Remote ischemic preconditioning induces the local release of chemical mediators which activate the sensory nerve endings to convey signals to the brain. The latter consequently stimulates the efferent nerve endings innervating the myocardium to induce cardioprotection. Indeed, RIPC-induced cardioprotective effects are reliant on the presence of intact neuronal pathways, which has been confirmed using nerve resection of nerves including femoral nerve, vagus nerve, and sciatic nerve. The involvement of neurogenic signaling has been further substantiated using various pharmacological modulators including hexamethonium and trimetaphan. The present review focuses on the potential involvement of neurogenic pathways in mediating remote ischemic preconditioning-induced cardioprotection.