• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.175-185
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate effects of electro-acupuncture's stimulated frequency, intensity, duration at 5736 on tile Small Intestine Motility in Rats. Methods The motor activity of small intestine in rats was evaluated by intestinal transportation rate. Changes in tile motility of ileum in vivo was measured at 10 minutes after electro-acupuncture. Various kinds of stimulus-frequency were used in this experiment: 2 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 2 Hz-4 trains, 8 Hz groups treated with EA of the condition in S mA, 1 ms pulse duration, 30 minutes stimulated duration. Three different stimulus-intensity were used: 1, 5, 10 mA groups treated with EA of the condition in 2 Hz, 1 ms pulse duration, 30 minutes stimulated duration. Six different stimulus-duration were used: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 minutes groups treated with EA of the condition in 2 Hz, 5 mA, 1 ms pulse duration. Results : 2 and 100 Hz groups significantly increased the small intestine motility, but 50 Hz group did not induce a significant change. Besides, small intestine motility was significantly increased only in 5 mA intensity (5 times twitch). futhermore, at least 20 minutes EA treatment was necessary to increase the small intestine motility. Conclusion : Those basic data form this study can be applied to established the effective treatment of EA for gastrointestinal diseases in the clinical field.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.84-89
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• 2011

The present study was undertaken to determine whether combined treatment with prokinetic trimebutine and mosapride has a synergic effect on gastrointestinal motility and visceral pain associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction. To develop effective gastroprokinetic agents with greater potencies than trimebutine or mosapride for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract disease, a mixture of trimebutine and mosapride was designed and prepared. In the present study, treatment with trimebutine alone showed a dose-dependent effect on propelling movements of normal small and large intestine in mice, whereas mosapride effected only small intestine motility. Co-administration of trimebutine with mosapride, a well-established prokinetic drug, produced a synergistic influence on normal small intestine motility, but demonstrated an unclear effect on large intestine motility, with a slight tendency to reduce the propelling time. In a stress model, the small and large intestine motilities were significantly decreased. The reduction of intestine motility was restored to a normal level and the restoring effect was more pronounced in the combined treatment with trimebutine plus mosapride than treatment with trimebutine or mosapride alone. Furthermore, treatment with trimebutine plus mosapride significantly decreased acute visceral pain which was not controlled by trimebutine or mosapride alone. These data suggest that combination therapy with trimebutine plus mosapride has a synergic effect on small and large intestine motility and visceral pain control in gastrointestinal disorders.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.23-37
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• 1986

Although the Insamyangwee-Tang has been widely used in clinical purposes in the oriental medicine and its clinical efficiency is documented for the cases of gastritis, gastric ulcer and enteritis but the experimental study on these has not been undertaken. So,To investigate the clinical efficiency, of Insamyangwee-Tang and validate its oriental medical theory, these experiments were undertaken, by being compared with animal experiment. ?The following results were obtained. ?1. By effect of Insamyangwee-Tang on isolated ileum from mice, rats, rabbits and Guinea pigs, the motility of ileums was inhibited remarkably. ?2. By effect of Insamyangwee-Tang on motility of the small intestine in rabbits, the motility was inhibited remarkably too. ?3. Insamyangwee-Tang inhibited charcoal transport functions in the small intestine of mice. ?4. By effect of Insamyangwee-Tang on isolated duodenum from rats, the motility of duodenum was inhibited remarkably.?5. Gastric juice and pepsin secretion was decreased, anti-ulceration effect was recognized.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.924-928
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• 2006

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of Zusanli(ST 36) electro-acupuncture(EA) on the small intestinal motility in rat. The motor activity of the rat small intestine was evaluated by intestinal transfortation rate. Changes in the motility in vivo of ileum was measured before and 10 minutes after acupuncture. In order to examine whether EA effect was affected by stimulated duration and left or right sides of ST36 acupoint, both of the difference effects of left or right sides on acupoints of ST 36 and the stimulated duration of 10, 20, 30 min. were investigated on the motility in vivo of ileum. These results suggest that effect of Zusanli(ST36) for increasing the small intestinal motility should stimulate more than 20 minutes, left ST36 EA has stronger effect than right ST36 EA.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.36-42
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• 2013

Objectives: Shengmaisan (SMS) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription widely used for the treatment of diverse organs in Korea. The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are pacemaker cells that play an important role in the generation of coordinated gastrointestinal (GI) motility. We have aimed to investigate the effects of SMS in the ICCs in the mouse small intestine. Methods: To dissociate the ICCs, we used enzymatic digestions from the small intestine in a mouse. After that, the ICCs were identified immunologically by using the anti-c-kit antibody. In the ICCs, the electrophysiological whole-cell patch-clamp configuration was used to record pacemaker potentials in the cultured ICCs. Results: The ICCs generated pacemaker potentials in the mouse small intestine. SMS produced membrane depolarization with concentration-dependent manners in the current clamp mode. Pretreatment with a $Ca^{2+}$ free solution and thapsigargin, a $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase inhibitor in the endoplasmic reticulum, stopped the generation of the pacemaker potentials. In the case of $Ca^{2+}$-free solutions, SMS induced membrane depolarizations. However, when thapsigargin in a bath solution was applied, the membrane depolarization was not produced by SMS. The membrane depolarizations produced by SMS were inhibited by U-73122, an active phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitors. Furthermore, chelerythrine and calphostin C, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors had no effects on SMS-induced membrane depolarizations. Conclusions: These results suggest that SMS might affect GI motility by modulating the pacemaker activity through an internal $Ca^{2+}$- and PLC-dependent and PKC-independent pathway in the ICCs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.204-206
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• 2002

The effects of electroacupuncture on small intestinal motility in dogs were investigated. The acupoints used in the experiment were Shao Ze (SI-1), Hou Xi. (SI-3), Yang Lao (SI-6), Zhi Zheng (SI-7) and Xiao Hai (SI-8) which belong to small intestine meridian, Xiao Chang Shu (BL-27) which belongs to urinary bladder meridian, and Guan Yuan (CV-4) which belongs to conception vessel meridian. The anupoints were stimulated with 2-4 volt and 5 Hz for 20 minutes Electroacupuncture at Shao Ze, Yang Lao, and Xiao Hai acupoints increased the intestinal motility, but at Guan Yuan decreased the motility. The acupuncture at Hou Xi, Zhi Zheng and Xiao Chang Shu acupoints showed an increase or decrease of the intestinal movement. The results indicate that the electroacupuncture at Guan Yuan acupoint may depress intestinal motility in cases such as vomiting or diarrhea, and the acupuncture at Shao Ze, Yang Lao, and Xiao Hai acupoints to promote the motility in cases of digestive disturbance may be effective in veterinary practice.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.470-479
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• 2019

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are pacemaker cells that exhibit periodic spontaneous depolarization in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and generate pacemaker potentials. In this study, we investigated the effects of ghrelin and motilin on the pacemaker potentials of ICCs isolated from the mouse small intestine. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration, we demonstrated that ghrelin depolarized pacemaker potentials of cultured ICCs in a dose-dependent manner. The ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys] GHRP-6 completely inhibited this ghrelin-induced depolarization. Intracellular guanosine 5'-diphosphate-${\beta}$-S and pre-treatment with $Ca^{2+}$-free solution or thapsigargin also blocked the ghrelin-induced depolarization. To investigate the involvement of inositol triphosphate ($IP_3$), Rho kinase, and protein kinase C (PKC) in ghrelin-mediated pacemaker potential depolarization of ICCs, we used the $IP_3$ receptor inhibitors 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate and xestospongin C, the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632, and the PKC inhibitors staurosporine, Go6976, and rottlerin. All inhibitors except rottlerin blocked the ghrelin-induced pacemaker potential depolarization of ICCs. In addition, motilin depolarized the pacemaker potentials of ICCs in a similar dose-dependent manner as ghrelin, and this was also completely inhibited by [D-Lys] GHRP-6. These results suggest that ghrelin induced the pacemaker potential depolarization through the ghrelin receptor in a G protein-, $IP_3$-, Rho kinase-, and PKC-dependent manner via intracellular and extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ regulation. In addition, motilin was able to depolarize the pacemaker potentials of ICCs through the ghrelin receptor. Therefore, ghrelin and its receptor may modulate GI motility by acting on ICCs in the murine small intestine.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.119-125
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• 2021

Obejectives : The purpose of this study is to find out the efficacy of pacemaker potentials of interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) by Fermented Lotus Root (FLR) in small intestine. Methods : Enzyme digestions were used to separate the ICC. Using electrophysiological methods, pacemaker potentials were measured and intestinal transit rates (ITR) experiments were conducted to identify in vivo gastrointestinal motility. Results : 1. FLR (0.5-10 mg/ml) caused membrane depolarization by electrophysiological methods. 2. In the case of pretreatment with a Ca²⁺ free solution and thapsigargin, the pacemaker potential disappeared and in this case, FLR did not have a membrane depolarization reaction. 3. Lowering the concentration of extracellular Na⁺ concentration stoped the pacemaker potentials and inhibited the reaction caused by FLR. Flufenamic acid also inhibited the reaction by FLR. 4. In mice, ITR was increased by FLR. Conclusions : This study shows that FLR can control ICC by an internal/external Ca²⁺ and Na⁺. It also shows that FLR can be a good candidate for gastrointestinal motility medication development.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2020

Obejectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Yijin-tang on pacemaker potentials of small intestinal interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC). Methods : To dissociate the ICC, we used enzymatic digestions from the small intestine in mice. The electrophysiological whole-cell patch-clamp configuration was used to record pacemaker potentials in the cultured ICC and the in vivo effects of Yijin-tang on GI motility were investigated by calculating percent intestinal transit rates (ITR). Results : 1. The ICC generated pacemaker potentials in the murine small intestine. Yijin-tang produced membrane depolarization with concentration-dependent manners in the current clamp mode. 2. Pretreatment with a Ca²⁺ free solution and thapsigargin, a Ca²⁺-ATPase inhibitor in the endoplasmic reticulum, stopped the pacemaker potentials. In the case of Ca²⁺-free solutions and thapsigargin, Yijin-tang did not induce membrane potential depolarizations. 3. U73122, a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitors, blocked the Yijin-tang-induced membrane potential depolarizations. However, U73343, an inactive PLC inhibitors, did not block. 4. In the presence of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, staurosporine or Rottlerin, Yijin-tang depolarized the pacemaker potentials. However, in the presence of Go6976, Yijin-tang did not depolarize the pacemaker potentials. 5. In mice, intestinal transit rate (ITR) values were significantly and dose-dependently increased by the intragastric administration of Yijin-tang. Conclusions : These results suggest that Yijin-tang can modulate the pacemaker activity of ICC through an internal/external Ca²⁺ and PLC/PKC-dependent pathway in ICC. In addition, Yijin-tang is a good candidate for the development of a prokinetic agent.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.9-16
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• 2009

Objectives: To clarify the effects of Jungri-tang Gamibang on accelerating small intestinal movement induced by the stimulation of cholinergic neurotransmission. Methods: 500, 250 and 125mg Jungri-Tang Gamibang or 20mg domperidone were dissolved or suspended in distilled water and orally pretreated on the carbachol-accelerated small intestinal transit mice once a day for 7 days at a volume of 10ml/kg (of body weight) using a Zonde needle attached to 1 ml syringes containing test drugs. Result: Significantly (p<0.01) increase of % regions of activated charcoal transit in the small intestine was detected in carbachol control compared to that of intact control. However, significant (p<0.01) decreases of % regions of activated charcoal transit were dose-dependently observed in all Jungri-Tang Gamibang extracts or domperidone-pretreated groups. Conclusions: it was concluded that Jungri-tang Gamibang enhancement in the normal intestinal motility and normalization in the accelerated intestinal motility might interfere with a variety of muscarinic, adrenergic and histaminic receptor activities or with the mobilization of calcium ions required for smooth muscle contraction non-specifically.