• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.865-871
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• 2005

The Wenbing tiaobian(온병조변) is the first systematic disease monograph on warm factor disease(온병), written by Wu Jutong(오국통). It was most influenced by the Linzheng zhinan yian(임증지남의안), which was a book of gathering medical case records of Ye tianshi(엽천사). Therefore, there are plenty of quotations from this book in the Wenbing tiaobian. This study investigates the quotations from Linzheng zhinan yian, especially focusing on the way of transformation and correction of the original medical case records on the warm factor disease. The results are as follows: About 104 of 265 provisions in the Wenbing tiaobian were directly quoted from the Linzheng zhinan yian. The provisions quoted from Ye's case records were rearranged according to the categories of the triple burners pattern differentiation(삼초변증) and the causes of warm factor disease. And eve case record was transformed into more general descriptive form in order to put it into the book. For example, the specific figures, and some patients' peculiar symptoms, causes, sex and disease names were omitted. On the other hand, the tongue moss, pulse shape and some symptoms, which were necessary for differentiating patterns, were added. In the case of the formula, some formulas originated from Ye's case records were named newly. And the dose of each herb consisting a formula was determined, and therapeutic principle, taking method and detailed explanation was added to every formula.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.80-116
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• 2009

It studies into viewpoints of 7 doctors of Wenbing studies on macula. The results concerning characteristics, remedy and prevention of macula are as follows; Macule does not protrude on the surface of skin and does not have any color change for external stimulus, but rash out on the surface and becomes white when pushed. It becomes macule when the blood leaks beneath skin as stomach-heat of yangming enters into blood system and damages it. On the other hand, when heat enters lung meridian, penetrates beneath the skin and congeals inside the vessel, it becomes rash. When you combine symptoms of body and pulse with numbers, color, shape and distribution status of macula, you can diagnose the depth of rash, seriousness, the possibility of treatment and prognosis of macula. The remedy for macule consists of cooling heat of yaming, removing heat from the blood and relieving feverish rash, and the one for rash consists of facilitating meridian with aroma, expelling pathogenic factors from muscles with drugs of pungent flavor and cool nature and clearing away heat from the blood systems. It relieves the inhibited functional activities of lung-Ki, and helps extermination of rash as well as clearing heat of the vessel. Also, it is the most important to preserve resin of stomach for every treatment. It is good to avoid expelling pathogenic factors with drugs of pungent flavor and warm nature, raising drugs and invigorating drugs during treating macula. Moreover, the patients should not over dose cold-natured drugs and purgative therapy. There are common clinical symptoms of macula in advance, so right recognition of symptoms can contribute to prevention of macula.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.95-108
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• 2017

Objectives : The concept of hidden Yin in summer by Zhu Danxi deals with the relationship between summer heat disease and hidden yin inside of human body. This paper attempts to ponder upon the clinical issues around which the discussions regarding the topic unfolded, and upon the texts on which the doctors of the discussions based their opinions. Methods : First, Danxi's argument as discussed in $G{\acute{e}}zh{\grave{i}}y{\acute{u}}l{\grave{u}}n$ is analyzed to find out his understandings of clinical issues and his textual sources on which he based his new perspective. Moreover, the prescriptions that Danxi thought was problematic and the concept of hidden yin as it existed before the time of Danxi are reviewed, and these findings are used understand Zhangjingyue's ground of criticism against Danxi. Lastly, this paper contemplates how these opposing opinions may be helpful to the general principles of medical theories. Results & Conclusions : There was a trend before the time of Danxi of abusing drugs as prescription based on warm-heat, understanding that a human body has yin-cold during summer. However, Danxi brought forth a new concept of yin deficiency in order to correct people's misunderstanding. Despite his effort, Zhangjingyue and other doctors contemporary to Danxi emphasized on one hand that human body is placed on a state of external heat inside the cold, and on the another, criticized Danxi of failing to fully understand the principle of "Abandon the time and follow the symptoms", a principle which asserts that the cold and warm of medicine should be decided by the symptom itself and not by the season. The value of these contradicting assertions seems to hold true even to this day because it helps us understand that the principles of "Counting Season as a Treatment Factor" and "Abandon the time and follow the symptoms" could be applied with balance in conjunction with each other.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.524-552
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• 1998

Purgation therapy has played an important role as a influential remedy from the begining of the Chinese medicine. Especially purgation therapy is raised as the effective remedy on the acute infectious disease in the book of 'Treatise on Febrile Disease'. But It was inclined to cold-nature and available only in the excess syndrome. Nevertheless it is evident that the book has showed an example of this therapy. During the middle age, purgation therapy is classified into several subtype; hydrogogue therapy, laxation with lubricants, purgation with cold-natured drugs and purgation with warm-natured drugs. Comparing with the ancient times, it must be a progression. It was investigated earnestly by a school leaded by Zhang Congzheng. They were not restricted to several diseases, but applied it to the wide range of diseases. They thought as following. 'One is ill from pathogenic factor so that you should eliminate it from the human body'. Hence, they frequently used three major remedies such as diaphoresis, emesis and purgation. In this process, purgation therapy had showed eye-opening progress. But opposition to it was not little. Li Gao was a representative man on the opposite side. He expressed a critical opinion and placed great importance on the genuine energy, the natural healing force. Under his influence, a large number of doctors evaded purgation and put it under taboo. On account of these trend, purgation therapy had took a backward step and retrograded. Therefore cathartics such as Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Rharbitidis Semen, cold drugs such as Gypsum Fibrosum, etc. had been excluded for preservation of the genuine energy, and came about an obnoxious custom to value only 'tonity deficiency', or 'warm and tonify'. As it had came into fashion to approach most disease from the point of view, purgation therapy was merely fall into a remedy of constipation. After the eighteenth century purgation therapy encountered the new period of rivival. It was introduced by them who strived for the study of Epidemics to the new current of thought, so called '增水行舟'. It was because 온병 was apt to dissipate one's Yin fluid. Therefore purgation therapy of this period was characterized by establishing nourishment Yin and body fluid with or without use of timely purgation of accumulation of heat. From the time of Zhang Congzheng, it was accomplished by Lee Je-ma to the most epoch-making change. He caused an improvement in the use of purgation therapy by regarding innate constitutional contradiction as importance than representing clinical symptoms. He warned that existing remedies that depend only upon symptoms and signs, not upon individual characteristics including constitutional features didn't bring round to but kill them. And he understood all the pathologic processes in his constitutional theory, investigated specific drugs on four constitution, made indications of each prescriptions clear. For giving to differentiation of constition before differentiation of syndrom, his new slant on the pathologic phenomena overcome the limitations of 변증시치, and revaluate purgation therapy from remedy impaire the genuine energy to that restore it by recover the balance between the internal organ. It is the product of him to fundamentally upset the cause to be in disregard of purgation therapy.

• Korean Journal of Transplantation
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.154-159
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• 2014

Background: Lung transplantation (LTx) is a life-saving treatment for patients with end-stage lung disease; however, the shortage of donor lungs has been a major limiting factor to increasing the number of LTx. Growing experience following LTx using donor lungs after cardiac death (DCD) has been promising, although concerns remain. The purpose of this study was to develop a DCD lung harvest model using an ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) system and to assess the function of presumably damaged lungs harvested from the DCD donor in pigs. Methods: The 40 kg pigs were randomly divided into the control group with no ischemic lung injury (n=5) and the study group (n=5), which had 1 hour of warm ischemic lung injury after cardiac arrest. Harvested lungs were placed in the EVLP circuit and oxygen capacities (OC), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and peak airway pressure (PAP) were evaluated every hour for 4 hours. At the end of EVLP, specimens were excised for pathologic review and wet/dry ratio. Results: No statistically significant difference in OC (P=0.353), PVR (P=0.951), and PAP (P=0.651) was observed in both groups. Lung injury severity score (control group vs. study group: 0.700±0.303 vs. 0.870±0.130; P=0.230) and wet/dry ratio (control group vs. study group: 5.89±0.97 vs. 6.20±0.57; P=0.560) also showed no statistically significant difference between the groups. Conclusions: The function of DCD lungs assessed using EVLP showed no difference from that of control lungs without ischemic injury; therefore, utilization of DCD lungs can be a new option to decrease the number of deaths on the waiting list.

• BMB Reports
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2000

A fulminant hepatitis is associated with massive liver cell necrosis and a high mortality rate. But survivors regenerate a normal liver and do not have chronic liver disease. This clinical course suggests that the acutely injured livers release a factor that allows a recovery from chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize an anti-fibrotic factor from acutely damaged rat livers. The liver cell necrosis was prepared from rat by warm ischemical perfusion and the perfusates were assessed against the growth inhibition of fat-storing cells (FSC). A liver-derived growth inhibitory factor (LDGIF) was purified from ischemically damaged rat livers by chromatographies on Sephacryl S-300, CM Sepharose, hydroxyapatite, and Superose 12. The LDGIF was isolated with an overall purification of 194-fold and 40% recovery. Although LDGIF was identified as the rat liver arginase by Nterminal sequence analysis, LDGIF exists as a monomer and the purified native arginase has a trimer form. Furthermore, LDGIF has a lower enzyme activity on the hydrolysis of L-arginine and a higher inhibitory effect on proliferation of FSC than the normal rat liver arginase. The catalytic activity of LDGIF is ascribed to the monomeric characteristics of the LDGIF. Therefore, the inhibitory action of LDGIF might not be due to the arginine depletion by the catalytic activity of arginase. In conclusion, the presence of the LDGIF could interpret the clinical course that serious fibrosis is not found in the liver of patients recovering from severe hepatic necrosis due to fulminant hepatitis, suggesting that this LDGIF may provide a novel target for the prevention and treatment of hepatic fibrosis.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.95-145
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• 1997

This study was performed to reveal some contrasting aspects between Sasang Constitutional Medicine(四象醫學) and Traditional Oriental Medicine(傳統 韓醫學). This aims ultimately for the unified standardization of Korea-Oriental Medicine. Suggesting the clear contrasting aspects of thse two medical system, this study might give several basic informations for ultimate achievement. As a result, some contrasting aspects were revealed as follows. 1. The interpretation of the man's status is contrasted. In Sasang Constitutional Medicine, man is interpreted as the member of the Society(天下) while in Traditional Oriental Medicine as the part of the Nature(天地). 2. The man's modeling is contrasted. In Sasang Constitutional Medicine, man is in the process of becoming as differentiating itself by the inner emotional producing. While in Traditional Oriental Medicine, man is generalized as one model according to the Nature, one great universe(天地). 3. The pathogenesis is contrasted. In Sasang Constitutional Medicine, emotional inclination is the main factor provoking the primary pathogenesis. While in Traditional Oriental Medicine the external isolated pathogenic factors such as Cold, Heat, Warm etc. are significant for the pathogenesis. 4. The evaluation of the disease is contrasted. In Sasang Constitutional Medicine all the diseases are evaluated according to the inherent condition of patient himself. But in Traditional Oriental Medicine the evaluation of disease isolated from the inheret condition of patient himself is generalized in its own system. 5. The prime method of healing, controlling, and maintaining health of the patient is contrasted. For these, the patient's spontaneous effort for adjusting his emotional inclination is important in Sasang Constitutional Medicine. While in Traditional Oriental Medicine, the external adjustment dependent on the herbal medication is the main method for healing, controlling, and maintaining health of the patient.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1 s.31
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• pp.190-211
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• 1996

Generally the Myasthenia Gravis is classified into two of hereditary factor and acquement. Aquired Myasthenia Gravis was Quite well known to be caused by the autoimmune mechanism. Not in accurateness, on the hereditary, acetylcholine receptor antibody was to be analyzed very high in their parents and brothers. Also Myasthenia Gravis is a chronic disease characterized by voluntary muscle weakness and fatigue. above all, ocular Myasthenia Gravis is characterized clinically by blepharoptosis and external ophthalmoplegia and to be showed abut 90% cases and so oriental medicine can not but deal with myasthenia gravis at blepharoptosis. Accordinglv 20 out patients with Myasthenia Gravis were clinical study and observation as to the sex, age, progress state of MG, blood type, history, main symptom, liking for warm and cool food and tepidity, state of pulse, treatment of acupuncture and administration of oriental medicine etc. The results were as follows. 1. There was investigaed on the frequency of attack for sex, age, oculus dexter, oculus sinister, oculus uterque. Among the 20 patients, the number of female were 60% with 12 cases and male were 40% with 8 cases, therefore it was the rate of 6 : 4. the patients under 10 ages and 40 ages were 20% with 4 cases, 10 ages and 50 ages were 15% with 3 cases, 20, 30, 60 ages were 10% with 2 cases. And then oculus uterque was 90% with 18 cases, oculus sinister was 10% with 2 cases and oculus dexter were none of them. 2. Stage I were 50% with 10 patients, stage $II_A$ were 30% with 6 patients and stage $II_B$ were 20% with 4 patients, on the clinical stage and too class I were 20% with 4, class II were 45% with 9, class III were 35% with 7, in the functional activity the patients with chest heavy were 15% with 3 and hyperthyroidism were 10% with 2. 3. Hospital which patients had used to before came to this hospital were 10 university hospital and 6 local clinic. 4. The duration of disease was from 3 months to 30 years, the patients suffering between 3 months and within 1 year were 25% with 5 cases, 1-2 years were 30% with 6 cases, therefore within 2 years were 55%. 4-5 years were 15%, over 7 years were appeared less than 10%. 5. In the main symptom, all of patients were appeared to be heavy in opening their eyes the patients with blephroptosis were 70% with 14 cases on the oculus uterque, oculus sinisterf and oculus dexter, there were 20% with 4 eases each other in the oculogyation incomplete. visual failing, ophthalmoxerosis, strabismus etc and indigetion, frequency of urine(feel hurt), mild stools(or diarrea), oversensitiveness etc. but in addition, all of the other were 10%. 6. In the distribution of blood type, 0 types were 45% with 9 cases, A types were 25% with 5 cases, B and AB types were 15% each other. 7. For the rates of patients of liking for warm and cool food or tepidity, patients of liking for warm food possess 45% with 9 cases, and cool food possess 35% with 7 and tepidity possess 20% with 4, and then most of patients liking for warm food were females and cool food were much more males than females. 8. Hyunsae(弦細) were 40% with 8 cases, Buhurl(浮滑) were 20% with 4 cases, Hyunsak(弦數) were 15% with 3 cases, and in addition, the others were 10%, among 7 types of pulses. 9. The patients with less than 1 week were 40% with 8 cases, and there were female most of them and over 4 weeks were 20% and 1-2weeks were 15%, in the duration acupuncture treatment. 10. 15 kinds of prescriptions were administrated with oriental medicine from 1 week to 20weeks 1_2 weeks were 25.71% with 9 cases, 3 weeks were 17.14% with 6 cases and 6 weeks were 11.42% with 4 cases and also Gamibaetaugunbitang(加味培土健脾湯) were 28.57% with 10 cases, Gamijeounyongtang(加味正容湯) were 14.28% with 5 cases, Gamibojoongyigitung (加味補中益氣湯), Gamiyinsamyangyoungtung (加味人蔘養榮湯) were 8.57% with 3 cases each other and also Gamisamgitung (加味蔘?湯), Gamisamuloajatung(加味四物五子湯) Gamigoudungum (加味鉤藤飮), etc were applied.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2023

Dendropanax trifidus belonging to the family Araliaceae, is a warm-temperate evergreen tree distributed in Jeju Island, Bogil Island, Geomun Island, Geoje Island, Wando, and Haenam in Korea. In June 2021, a root rot disease in which branches of Dendropanax trifidus seedlings turned brown and shrunk was discovered at the seedling cultivation facility in Naju-si, Republic of Korea. To identify the root rot fungus, three strains were isolated from the diseased tissues of seedlings and their mycological characteristics were investigated on potato dextrose agar. In addition, a molecular phylogenetic analysis was performed using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) gene. The fungus was identified as Fusarium oxysporum. For pathogenicity test, the roots of seedlings were immersed in the conidia suspension of the strains and planted. After 20 days inoculation, root rot and browning symptoms were confirmed in the inoculated plants. This is the first report of F. oxysporum on D. trifidus in Korea.