The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

The Korean Society of Pharmacology (대한약리학회)
권호 표지

Comparison of Interleukin-8 Levels in Long-Distance Runners and Healthy Sedentary Non-Athletic Control Subjects

  • Shin, Young-Oh (Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University) ;
  • Bae, Jun-Sang (Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University) ;
  • Min, Ji-Won (Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University) ;
  • Lee, Jeong-Beom (Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University) ;
  • Kim, Jung-Kyu (Department of Leisure Sports, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Song, Young-Ju (Sports and Recreation Studies, Sunmoon University) ;
  • Yang, Hun-Mo (Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University) ;
  • Min, Young-Ki (Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University)
  • Published : 2007.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

We have previously demonstrated that the level of leukocytes and neutrophils significantly increased immediately and 30 min after exercise. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is an inflammatory cytokine that acts as a chemokine on neutrophils. In the present study, we evaluated the correlation between the number of neutrophils and leukocytes, and between the number of neutrophils and plasma IL-8 level. Long-distance trained runners (TRs, n = 10) and untrained sedentary control subjects (SEDs, n = 10) ran for one hour at 70% of heart rate reserve. In the TR, the number of neutrophils correlated significantly with the number of leukocytes in the blood. However, there was no correlation between the number of neutrophils and the plasma IL-8 concentration in both groups. Expressions of IL-8 protein and mRNA were markedly higher in the TRs as compared to the SEDs at three time intervals (pre-exercise, immediately after exercise, and post exercise). In conclusion, our results show that 1) the neutrophil level was dependent on the level of leukocytes 2) there was no correlation between the neutrophils count and plasma IL-8 concentration and 3) a higher plasma IL-8 level in athletes may be a unique characteristic of intensive training.

Keywords

References

  1. Abramson JL, Vaccarino V. Relationship between physical activity and inflammation among apparently healthy middle-aged and older US adults. Arch Intern Med 162: 1286－1292, 2002
  2. Adamopoulos S, Parissis J, Kroupis C, Georgiadis M, Karatzas D, Karavolias G, Koniavitou K, Coats AJ, Kremastinos DT. Physical training reduces peripheral markers of inflammation in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart 22: 791-797, 2001
  3. Akerstrom T, Steensberg A, Keller P, Keller C, Penkowa M, Pedersen BK. Exercise induces interleukin-8 expression in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 563: 507-516, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.077610
  4. Bae JS, Shin YO, Lee JB, Seok H, Min YK, Yang HM. Sweating by exercise controls body temperature through increase of Interleukin-1beta. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 10: 231-234, 2006
  5. Baggiolini M. Chemokines in pathology and medicine. J Intern Med 250: 91-104, 2001
  6. Baggiolini M, Clark-Lewis I. Interleukin-8, a chemotactic and inflammatory cytokine. FEBS Lett 307: 97-101, 1992
  7. Baggiolini M, Dewald B, Moser B. Interleukin-8 and related chemotactic cytokines-CXC and CC chemokines. Adv Immunol 55: 97－179, 1994
  8. Bruun JM, Pedersen SB, Richelsen B. Regulation of interleukin 8 production and gene expression in human adipose tissue in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 1267-1273, 2001
  9. Chan MH, Carey AL, Watt MJ, Febbraio MA. Cytokine gene expression in human skeletal muscle during concentric contraction: evidence that IL-8, like IL-6, is influenced by glycogen availability. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 287: R322-R327, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00030.2004
  10. Cox AJ, Pyne DB, Saunders PU, Callister R, Gleeson M. Cytokine responses to treadmill running in healthy and illness-prone athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39: 1918-1926, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f2aa
  11. Damas JK, Gullestad L, Ueland T, Solum NO, Simonsen S, Froland SS, Aukrust P. CXC-chemokines, a new group of cytokines in congestive heart failure--possible role of platelets and monocytes. Cardiovasc Res 45: 428-436, 2000
  12. Ford ES. Does exercise reduce inflammation? Physical activity and C-reactive protein among U.S. adults. Epidemiology 13: 561－ 568, 2002
  13. Geiser T, Dewald B, Ehrengruber MU, Clark-Lewis I, Baggiolini M. The interleukin-8-related chemotactic cytokines GRO alpha, GRO beta, and GRO gamma activate human neutrophil and basophil leukocytes. J Biol Chem 268: 15419-15424, 1993
  14. Henson DA, Nieman DC, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Fagoaga OR, Shannon M, Bolton MR, Davis JM, Gaffney CT, Kelln WJ, Austin MD, Hjertman JM, Schilling BK. Influence of carbohydrate on cytokine and phagocytic responses to 2 h of rowing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32: 1384－1389, 2000
  15. Modi WS, Chen ZQ. Localization of the human CXC chemokine subfamily on the long arm of chromosome 4 using radiation hybrids. Genomics 47: 136-139, 1998
  16. Modi WS, Dean M, Matsushima K, Seuanez H, O'Brien SJ. Chromosome mapping and RFLP analyses of monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF/IL-8). (Abstract) Cytogenet Cell Genet 51: 1046 only, 1989
  17. Modi WS, Dean M, Seuanez HN, Mukaida N, Matsushima K, O'Brien SJ. Monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF/IL-8) resides in a gene cluster along with several other members of the platelet factor 4 gene superfamily. Hum Genet 84: 185-187, 1990
  18. Mucci P, Durand F, Lebel B, Bousquet J, Prefaut C. Interleukins 1-beta, -8, and histamine increases in highly trained, exercising athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32: 1094-1100, 2000
  19. Nieman DC, Davis JM, Henson DA, Walberg-Rankin J, Shute M, Dumke CL, Utter AC, Vinci DM, Carson JA, Brown A, Lee WJ, McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS. Carbohydrate ingestion influences skeletal muscle cytokine mRNA and plasma cytokine levels after a 3-h run. J Appl Physiol 94: 1917-1925, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01130.2002
  20. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Davis JM, Dumke CL, Utter AC, Murphy EA, Pearce S, Gojanovich G, McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS. Blood leukocyte mRNA expression for IL-10, IL-1Ra, and IL-8, but not IL-6, increases after exercise. J Interferon Cytokine Res 26(9):668-674, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1089/jir.2006.26.668
  21. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Smith LL, Utter AC, Vinci DM, Davis JM, Kaminsky DE, Shute M. Cytokine changes after a marathon race. J Appl Physiol 91: 109-114, 2001
  22. Niess AM, Fehrenbach E, Lehmann R, Opavsky L, Jesse M, Northoff H, Dickhuth HH. Impact of elevated ambient temperatures on the acute immune response to intensive endurance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 89: 344-351, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0809-3
  23. Ostrowski K, Rohde T, Asp S, Schjerling P, Pedersen BK. Chemokines are elevated in plasma after strenuous exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 84: 244-245, 2001
  24. Peake JM, Suzuki K, Wilson G, Hordern M, Nosaka K, Mackinnon L, Coombes JS. Exercise-induced muscle damage, plasma cytokines, and markers of neutrophil activation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37: 737-745, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000161804.05399.3B
  25. Shin YO, Oh JK, Sohn HS, Bae JS, Lee MY, Lee JB, Yang HM, Min YK, Song HY, Ko KK, Matsumoto T. Expression of exercise-induced HSP70 in long-distance runner's leukocytes. J Therm Biol 29: 769－774, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2004.08.053
  26. Simiti A, Vida-Simiti L, Cristea A, Olinic N. Increased plasma levels of interleukin-8 in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Rom J Intern Med 36: 47-56, 1998
  27. Suzuki K, Nakaji S, Yamada M, Liu Q, Kurakake S, Okamura N, Kumae T, Umeda T, Sugawara K. Impact of a competitive marathon race on systemic cytokine and neutrophil responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35: 348-355, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000048861.57899.04
  28. Suzuki K, Nakaji S, Yamada M, Totsuka M, Sato K, Sugawara K. Systemic inflammatory response to exhaustive exercise. Cytokine kinetics. Exerc Immunol Rev 8: 6-48, 2002
  29. Suzuki K, Yamada M, Kurakake S, Okamura N, Yamaya K, Liu Q, Kudoh S, Kowatari K, Nakaji S, Sugawara K. Circulating cytokines and hormones with immunosuppressive but neutrophil-priming potentials rise after endurance exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 81(4): 281－287, 2000
  30. Tan ND, Davidson D. Comparative differences and combined effects of interleukin-8, leukotriene B4, and platelet-activating factor on neutrophil chemotaxis of the newborn. Pediatr Res 38: 11－ 16, 1995
  31. Thomsen MK, Larsen CG, Thomsen HK, Kirstein D, Skak-Nielsen T, Ahnfelt-Ronne I, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Recombinant human interleukin-8 is a potent activator of canine neutrophil aggregation, migration, and leukotriene B4 biosynthesis. J Invest Dermatol 96: 260-266, 1991
  32. Troseid M, Lappegard KT, Claudi T, Damas JK, Morkrid L, Brendberg R, Mollnes TE. Exercise reduces plasma levels of the chemokines MCP-1 and IL-8 in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Eur Heart J 25(4): 349-355, 2004
  33. Watanabe K, Koizumi F, Kurashige Y, Tsurufuji S, Nakagawa H. Rat CINC, a member of the interleukin-8 family, is a neutrophil-specific chemoattractant in vivo. Exp Mol Pathol 55: 30－37, 1991
  34. Wells TN, Proudfoot AE, Power CA. Chemokine receptors and their role in leukocyte activation. Immunol Lett 65: 35-40, 1999