An efficient segregated algorithm for the coupling of velocity and pressure of incompressible fluid flow, called IDEAL Inner Doubly-Iterative Efficient Algorithm for Linked-Equations), has been proposed by the present authors. In the algorithm there exist double inner iterative processes for pressure equation at each iteration level, which almost completely overcome two approximations in SIMPLE algorithm. Thus the coupling between velocity and pressure is fully guaranteed, greatly enhancing the convergence rate and stability of solution process. The performance of the IDEAL algorithm for three-dimensional incompressible fluid flow and heat transfer problems is analyzed and a systemic comparison is made between the algorithm and three other most widely-used algorithms (SIMPLER, SIMPLEC and PISO). It is found that the IDEAL algorithm is the most robust and the most efficient one among the four algorithms compared. This new algorithm is used for the velocity prediction of a new interface capturing method. VOSET, also proposed by the present author. It is found that the combination of VOSET and IDEAL can appreciably enhance both the interface capture accuracy and convergence rate of computations.

Recently, several advanced flow visualization techniques such as Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) including stereo PIV, holographic PIV, and dynamic PIV have been developed. These advanced techniques have strong potential as the experimental technology which can be used for verifying numerical simulation. In addition, there would be indispensable in solving complicated thermo-fluid flow problems not only in the industrial fields such as automotive, space, electronics, aero- and hydro-dynamics, steel, and information engineering, but also in the basic research fields of medical science, bio-medical engineering, environmental and energy engineering etc. Especially, NT Nano Technology) and BT (Bio Technology) strongly demand these advanced measurement techniques, because it is difficult for conventional methods to observe most complicated nano- and bio-fluidic phenomena. In this paper, the basic principle of these advanced visualization techniques and their practical applications which cannot be resolved by conventional methods, such as flow in automotive HVAC system, ship and propeller wake, three-dimensional flow measurement in micro-conduits, and flow around a circulating cylinder will be introduced.

From numerical point of view on flow network system analyses, stagnation properties are not preserved along streamlines across geometric discontinuities. Hence, GJM and DTM using ghost cell and thermodynamic relations are developed to preserve the stagnation enthalpy for the boundaries, such as the interfaces between junction and branches and the interface between two pipes of different cross-sections in serial pipelines. Additionally, the resolving power and efficiencies of the 2nd order Godunov type FV schemes are investigated and estimated by the tracing of the total mechanical energy during calculating rapid transients. Among the approximate Riemann solvers, RoeM is more suitable with the proposed boundary treatments especially for junction than Roe's FDS because of its conservativeness of stagnation enthalpy across geometric discontinuities.

In the present study, a conservative overset mesh technique has been developed on 2-D unstructured meshes. A new domain connection technique between independent mesh blocks was proposed to satisfy the conservation of mass, momentum, or energy in entire computational domain. The present technique was applied to several classical computational problems to validate the superiority of the conservative method to the non-conservative method.

This paper is an extension of previous study[9] on a development of a divergence-free element method using a hermite interpolated stream function. Divergence-free velocity bases defined on rectangles derived herein produce pointwise divergence-free flow fields. Hence the explicit imposition of continuity constraint is not necessary and the Galerkin finite element formulation for velocities does not involve the pressure. The divergence-free element of the previous study employed hermite serendipity cubic for interpolation of stream function, and it has been noted a possible discontinuity in variables along element interfaces. This deficiency can be removed by use of a hermite bicubic interpolated stream function, which requires at each element corners four degrees-of-freedom such as the unknown variable, its x- and y-derivatives and its cross derivative. Detailed derivations are presented for both solenoidal and irrotational bases from the hermite bicubic interpolated stream function. Numerical tests are performed on the lid-driven cavity flow, and results are compared with those from hermite serendipity cubics and a stabilized finite element method by Illinca et al[7].

A wavelet method is presented in order to improve the computational efficiency of two dimensional unsteady flow problems while maintaining the order of accuracy of conventional CFD schemes. First, by using the interpolating wavelet transformation including decomposition and thresholding, an adaptive dataset to a solution is constructed. Then, inviscid and viscous fluxes are calculated only at the points within an adaptive dataset, which enhances the computational efficiency. Second, thresholding step is modified to maintain the spatial and temporal accuracy of conventional CFD schemes automatically by selecting the threshold value between user-defined value and the magnitude of spatial or temporal truncation error. The wavelet method suggested in this study is successfully applied to various unsteady flow problems and it is shown that the computational efficiency is enhanced with maintaining the computational accuracy of CFD schemes.

본 논문에서는 실린더 주위유동의 B-mode에 해당하는 레이놀즈 수 300${\sim}$1000범위에서 고차 고해상도기법(OHOC Scheme)을 이용하여 원형 실린더 주위의 유동장 및 음향장 특성에 대해서 연구하였다. B-mode 레이놀즈 수 범위에서 스팬방향 길이에 따른 3차원 원형실린더의 스트롤 수, 양 항력계수의 상관관계에 대해 수치계산 및 실험 결과와 비교 분석한 결과 매우 잘 일치하는 것을 보였다. 그리고 이 결과를 토대로 하여 B-mode 불안정성 영역에서 보다 정확한 2차 와류 모사를 위한 적절한 스팬방향을 찾고, 3차원 후류유동의 불안정성이 음향장의 변화에 미치는 영향을 정성적으로 고찰하여, 3차원 원형실린더의 공력소음 대한 기초적인 연구를 수행하였다.

A high-order accurate Euler flow solver based on a discontinuous Galerkin finite-element method has been developed for the numerical simulations of blade-vortex interaction phenomena on unstructured meshes. A free vortex in freestream was investigated to assess the vortex-preserving property and the accuracy of the present flow solver. Blade-vortex interaction problems in subsonic and transonic freestreams were simulated by adopting a multi-level solution-adaptive dynamic mesh refinement/coarsening technique. The results were compared with those of other numerical and experimental methods. It was shown that the present discontinuous Galerkin flow solver can preserve the vortex structure for significantly longer vortex convection time and can accurately capture the complex unsteady blade-vortex interaction flows, including generation and propagation of acoustic waves.

For analyses of multi-phase flows in a water-cooled nuclear power plant, a three-dimensional SIMPLE-algorithm based hydrodynamic solver CUPID-S has been developed. As governing equations, it adopts a two-fluid three-field model for the two-phase flows. The three fields represent a continuous liquid, a dispersed droplets, and a vapour field. The governing equations are discretized by a finite volume method on an unstructured grid to handle the geometrical complexity of the nuclear reactors. The phasic momentum equations are coupled and solved with a sparse block Gauss-Seidel matrix solver to increase a numerical stability. The pressure correction equation derived by summing the phasic volume fraction equations is applied on the unstructured mesh in the context of a cell-centered co-located scheme. This paper presents the numerical method and the preliminary results of the calculations.

An approach to CFD code validation is developed that gives proper consideration to experimental and simulation uncertainties. The comparison errors include the difference between the data, simulation values and represents the combination of all errors. The uncertainties of modeling and numerical analysis in the CFD prediction were estimated by a Coleman's theory. In this paper, the numerical solutions are calculated by A-type standard uncertainty and Richardson extrapolation Method.

Generalized hydrodynamic (GH) theory for multi-species gas and the computational models are developed for the numerical simulation of hypersonic rarefied gas flow on the basis of Eu's GH theory. The rotational non-equilibrium effect of diatomic molecules is taken into account by introducing excess normal stress associated with the bulk viscosity. The numerical model for the diatomic GH theory is developed and tested. Moreover, with the experience of developing the dia-tomic GH computational model, the GH theory is extended to a multi-species gas including 5 species; O$_2$, N$_2$, NO, O, N. The multi-species GH model includes diffusion relation due to the molecular collision and thermal phenomena. Two kinds of GH models are developed for an axisymmetric flow solver. By compar-ing the computed results of diatomic and multi-species GH theories with those of the Navier-Stokes equations and the DSMC results, the accuracy and physical consistency of the GH computational models are examined.

For the Mach reflection of symmetric shock waves, only the wave configuration of an oMR(DiMR+DiMR) is theoretically admissible. For asymmetric shock waves, an oMR(DiMR+InMR) will be possible if the two slip layers assemble a convergent-divergent stream tube while an oMR(InMR+InMR) is absolutely impossible. In this paper, an overall Mach reflection configuration with double inverse MR patterns is confirmed using the CFD technique. Classical two- and three-shock theories are also applied for the theoretical analysis. In addition, oscillations of shock wave patterns are computed for the interaction of a hypersonic flow and double-wedge-like geometries.

Unsteady three-dimensional flowfields generated by transverse fuel injection into a supersonic mainstream are simulated with a DES turbulence model. Comparisons are made with experimental results in term of the temporal eddy position and eddy formation frequency. The vorticity field around the jet exit is also analyzed to understand the formation mechanism of the jet vortical structures. Results indicate that the DES model correctly predicts the convection characteristics of the large scale eddies. However, it is also observed that the numerical results slightly overpredict the eddy formation frequency. The jet vortical structures are developed from the competing vortices in the recirculation region of upstream boundary.

Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) is applied to an axisymmetric base flow at supersonic mainstream. DES is a hybrid approach to modeling turbulence that combines the best features of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes RANS) and large-eddy simulation (LES) approaches. In the Reynolds-averaged mode, the model is currently based on either the Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) turbulence model. In the large eddy simulation mode, it is based on the Smagorinski subgrid scale model. Accurate predictions of the base flowfield and base pressure are successfully achieved by using the DES methodology with less computational cost than that of pure LES and monotone integrated large-eddy simulation (MILES) approaches. The DES accurately resolves the physics of unsteady turbulent motions, such as shear layer rollup, large-eddy motions in the downstream region, small-eddy motions inside the recirculating region. Comparison of the results shows that it is necessary to resolve approaching boundary layers and free shear-layer velocity profiles from the base edge correctly for the accurate prediction of base flows. The consideration of an empirical constant CDES for a compressible flow analysis may suggest that the optimal value of empirical constant CDES may be larger in the flows with strong compressibility than in incompressible flows.

This paper reports briefly on the computational results of a turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection with the elliptic-blending second-moment closure (EBM). The primary emphasis of the study is placed on an investigation of accuracy and numerical stability of the elliptic-blending second-moment closure for the turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection. The turbulent heat fluxes in this study are treated by the algebraic flux model with the temperature variance and molecular dissipation rate of turbulent heat flux. The model is applied to the prediction of the turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection for Rayleigh numbers ranging from $Ra=2{\times}10^6$ to $Ra=10^9$, and the computed results are compared with the previous experimental correlations, T-RANS and LES results. The predicted cell-averaged Nusselt number follows the correlation by Peng et al.(2006) ($Nu=0.162Ra^{0.286}$) in the 'soft' convective turbulence region ($2{\times}10^6{\leq}Ra{\leq}4{\times}10^7$) and it follows the experimental correlation by Niemela et al. (2000) ($Nu=0.124Ra^{0.309}$) in the 'hard' convective tubulence region ($10^8{\leq}Ra{\leq}10^9$) within 5% accuracy. This results show that the elliptic-blending second-moment closure with an algebraic flux model predicts very accurately the Rayleigh Benard convection.

The characteristics of heat transfer in a two-dimensional channel obstructed by a square rod is investigated by a turbulence model. The computation is made for the six cases of different rod positions between channel walls. To analyze the wall heat transfer, the heat flux of channel walls is set as a constant value and the $k-{\epsilon}-f_{\mu}$ model is employed. Downstream the square rod, the flow recirculation region appear and they are varied by the rod position. The enhancement of the turbulent heat transfer to the wall is induced by the flow instability using a square rod. The averaged heat transfer rate is maximized at a specific rod position. Finally, the effects of square rod on unsteady flows are scrutinized with the frequency analysis.

The present study numerically simulates the flow and heat transfer characteristics of rib-induced secondary flow in a cooling channel with staggered V-shaped ribs, extruded on both walls. The rib pitch-to-height ratio (p/h) varies from 2.8 to 10 with the rib-height-to-hydraulic diameter ration ($h/D_h$) of 0.07 and the Reynolds number of 50,000. Shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model is used as a turbulence model. Computational results show that complex secondary flow patterns are generated in the duct due to the snaking flow in the streamwise direction for all tested cases. In the range of p/h=5 to 10 the staggered V-shaped rib gives about 3 times higher heat transfer augmentation than the reference smooth channel with high heat transfer on both front side and the area around the leading edge of the ribs, while the former cases give about 2.5 times higher streamwise pressure drop than the latter ones. Consequently, for the thermal performances, based on the equal pumping power condition, the staggered ones give about 2 times higher values than the latter ones with more uniform heat transfer distribution.

Three-dimensional characteristics of fluid flow and heat transfer around a wavy circular cylinder having sinusoidal variation in cross sectional area along the spanwise direction are numerically investigated using the immersed boundary method. The three different wavelengths of ${\pi}/4$, ${\pi}/3$ and ${\pi}/2$ and at the fixed wavy amplitude of 0.1 have been considered to investigate the effects of waviness on especially the forced convection heat transfer around a wavy cylinder when the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers are 300 and 0.71, respectively. The present computational results for a wavy cylinder are compared with those for a smooth cylinder. The time- and total surface-averaged Nusselt number for a wavy cylinder with is larger than that for a smooth cylinder, whereas that with ${\lambda}={\pi}/4$ and ${\pi}/3$ is smaller than that for a smooth cylinder. However, because the surface area exposed to heat transfer for a wavy cylinder is larger than that for a smooth cylinder, the total heat transfer rate for a wavy cylinder with different wavelengths of ${\lambda}={\pi}/4$, ${\pi}/3$ and ${\pi}/2$ is larger than that for a smooth cylinder.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the convective heat transfer characteristics and the validity of fin efficiency of the circular finned-tube heat exchanger by using commercial CFD code. The heat transfer coefficient obtained by using the laminar model was 22% overestimated to the experimental data. The fin surface temperature compared with the experimental data measured by the liquid crystal method. The fin efficiency by the present numerical experiment, defined as normalized and averaged fin surface temperature, was greater than the theoretical fin efficiency and the difference is increased at high value of the factor m.

Numerical analysis is performed to find flow and heat transfer characteristics for ring type heat exchanger. 3-D numerical predictions are carried out for the ring type heat exchanger system with Reynolds number varying in the range of 1,000 and 10,000. From the prediction, streamwise velocity, pressure drop, flow rate and heat transfer coefficient are analyzed. It is also found that characteristics of pressure drop and heat transfer generally follow well proportional variations of Re$m^$for the wide range of Reynolds number considered in this study.

Diverging channel from gas burner exit to the inlet section of Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) has been re-designed for 1 MW system. To improve the uniformity in velocity and temperature distribution of existing design(Case A and B) of 300 kW HRSG system, two additional test geometries have been chosen for the numerical simulation. At first, gas burner exit section has been centered to the inlet section of boiler(Case C) and uniformity has been improved considerably. Secondly, the diverging channel length can be further reduced for compact geometry with new guide vane design (Case D and E). Proposed design shows overall improvement in uniformity in velocity and temperature distribution compared to existing one.

A practical modeling approach of a small slinger combustor is proposed and a 2-dimensional axisymmetric computational model is developed. Based on numerical results from the full 3-dimensional configuration, model reduction is achieved toward 2-dimensional axisymmetric configuration. By simplifying the complex model, computing time can be significantly reduced and it makes easy to find effects of geometry modification. Numerical results show that the flow characteristic of 2-D model is quite similar to that of the 3-D configuration.

A sirocco fan is widely used for discharging pollutants of a kitchen space since it is able to generate a relatively high air flow rate considering its small size and makes less noise than a axial fan or a centrifugal fan. However, it has a problem because its efficiency is low, and power consumption is larger. Performance of a sirocco fan is influenced by various factors such as number of the fan blades, diameter of the fan, geometry of the fan, geometry of its housing, revolution frequency, static pressure condition, and etc. This research investigated the effect on the performance of geometry of the housing. For CFD analysis, we used a commercial code, SC/Tetra, and used a sliding mesh method to give the same condition as an actual state. Verification of the CFD results is done by comparison of experimental data and numerical one about the suction flow rate, and it is confirmed that two results are well consistent. After we changed the shape of housing according to Archimedes' screw, we observed that suction efficiency is improved by 10.7% maximum.

The changing process from hovering mode to transition one is of importance to determine a stability of tilt-rotor aircraft, which is utilized in UAV(Unmaned Aerial Vehicle). The analysis on fluid flows and aerodynamic characteristics according to variation of tilting angle of rotor is essential step in development of tilt-rotor. In the present study, the computation domain is divided into the rotating and stationary regions in order to consider the rotating blades. For the convenient realization of various tilting angle as well as application of boundary condition, the whole computation region is constructed into sphere domain. The near farfield boundary condition is adopted. The airfoil used in computation is NACA 0012. The computation results for the hovering mode are validated by comparing with previously conducted experimental results. From the results, the flow fields around rotor blade and the aerodynamic characteristics in transition mode are observed. The computational result will provide the basis for development and performance evaluation of tilt-type aircraft.

In the present study, a numerical simulations are investigated in a stirred solid/liquid system by using Eulerian multi-phase model. The transient flow field of liquid phase and distribution of solid particles are predicted in stirred tanks consisting of 4-pitched paddles impeller and baffles. The effects of number and width of baffles on the mixing time and the quality of solid suspension in a stirred tank are presented numerically. The result shows that the mixing time decreases as the width and number of baffles increase.

The objective of this study is to get simulation data about pulsatile flow of a non-Newtonian fluid through a bifurcated tube. All the process was based on CFD method, with a commercial FVM code, SC/Tetra ver. 6.0 for solving, and with CATIA R16 for generating geometries. To define a non-Newtonian fluid, the following viscous models are used; the Powell-Eyring model, the modified Powell-Eyring model, the Cross model, the modified Cross model, the Carreau model, the Carreau-Yasuda model and the modified Power Law model. The flow calculation data using each model were compared with the other data of a existing paper. Finally, the Carreau model was recognized to give the best result with the SC/Tetra code, and the succeeding simulations are made with the model. For the pulsating flow condition, the sine wave type velocity profile is given as the inlet boundary condition. To investigate the effect of geometries and mesh, the pre-test is carried out with various curvature conditions of the bifurcated corner, and then with various mesh conditions. The final process is to calculate flow variables such as the wall shear stress (WSS) and the wall shear stress gradient (WSSG). To validate all the result, the simulation is compared with the existing data of the other papers. Generally speaking, there is a noticeable difference in the maximum and minimum value of WSS. It is not sure that the values in each data are on the exactly same location. However, the overall trend is similar. The next study needs to investigate the same situation by experimental method. Furthermore, if the flow is simulated with more pulsatile conditions, more data of flow field through a bifurcated tube could be achieved.

In this study, we attempted to quantify the relative importance of assumptions regarding blood rheology. Three patient-specific carotid bifurcation geometries and time-varying flow rates were obtained using magnetic resonance imaging. For each subject, CFD simulations were carried out assuming two different non-Newtonian rheology models Carreau and Ballyk models) and rescaled Newtonian viscosities based on characteristic shear rates to account for the shear-thinning property of blood. The sensitivity of WSS and oscillatory shear index (OSI) were contextualized with respect to the reproducibility of the reconstructed geometry and to assumptions regarding the inlet boundary conditions. We conclude that the assumption of Newtonian fluid is reasonable for studies aimed at quantifying the distribution of WSS-based extrema in an image-based CFD model of carotid bifurcation.

The dependence of the rheological properties of blood on shape, aggregation, and deformability of red blood cells (RBCs) has been investigated using hybrid systems by coupling fluid with solid models. We present a simple approach for simulating blood as a multi-component fluid, in which RBCs are modeled as droplets of acquired biconcave shape. We used lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) due to its excellent numerical stability as a simulation tool. The model enables us to control the droplet static shape by imposing non-isotropic surface tension force on the interface between the two components. The use of the proposed non-isotropic surface tension method is justified by the Norris hypothesis. This hypothesis states that the shape of the RBC is due to a non-uniform interfacial surface tension force acting on the RBC periphery. This force is caused by the unbalanced distribution of the lipid molecules on the surface of the RBC. We also used the same concept to investigate the dynamic shape change of the RBC while flowing through the microvasculature, and to explore the physics of the Fahraeus, and the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effects.

In the present study, we carry out numerical simulations of energy harvesting eel by using the immersed boundary method. Eel is modeled by a flexible filament and is placed behind a circular cylinder. We perform systematic simulations in order to explore the effects of Reynolds number. The instantaneous eel motion is analyzed under different conditions and surrounding vortical structures are identified. The flapping frequency of eel has been compared with that in case of plate alone as well as filament alone. As increasing Reynolds number, we can see that the flexible filament flaps passively by obtaining the Strouhal number of cylinder alone and filament with cylinder.

Stochastic molecular dynamics simulation is a variation of standard molecular dynamics simulation that basically omits water molecules. The omission of water molecules, occupying a majority of space, enables flow simulation at microscale. This study reports our stochastic molecular dynamics simulation of particles diffusing in rectangular microchannels. We interestingly found that diffusion patterns in channels with a very small aspect ratio differ by dimensions. We will also discuss the future direction of our research toward a more realistic simulation of micromixing.

The equilibrium molecular-dynamic simulations have been performed to estimate the properties of the three kinds of fluids (the Lennard-Jones fluid, water and aqueous sodium-chloride solution) confined between two plates that are separated by 1.086 nm; included in the equilibrium properties are the density distribution and the static structure, and the diffusivity in the dynamic property. Three kinds of fluids considered in this study are. The water molecules are modeled by using the SPC/E model and the ions by the charged Lennard-Jones particle model. To treat the water molecules, we combined the quaternion coordinates with Euler angles. We also proposed a plausible algorithm to assign the initial position and direction of molecules. The influence of polarization of water molecules as well as the presence of ions in the solution on the properties will be addressed in this study. In addition, we performed the non-equilibrium molecular-dynamic simulation to compute the flow velocity for the case with the gravitational force acting on molecules.

A numerical method for gas-liquid two-phase flow is applied to solve shock-bubble interaction problems. The present method employs a finite-difference Runge-Kutta method and Roe's flux difference splitting approximation with the MUSCL-TVD scheme. A homogeneous equilibrium cavitation model is used. By this method, a Riemann problem for shock tube was computed for validation. Then, shock-bubble interaction problems between cylindrical bubbles located in the liquid and incident liquid shock wave are computed.

Numerical simulation is performed for microdroplet deposition on a pre-patterned micro-structure. The level-set method for tracking the liquid-gas interface is extended to treat the immersed (or irregular-shaped) solid surface. The no-slip condition at the fluid-solid interface as well as the matching conditions at the liquid-gas interface is accurately imposed by incorporating the ghost fluid approach based on a sharp-interface representation. The method is further extended to treat the contact angle condition at an immersed solid surface. The present computation of a patterning process using microdroplet ejection demonstrates that the multiphase characteristics between the liquid-gas-solid phases can be used to improve the patterning accuracy.

In the present paper, fowler flap was optimized to maximize the lift with response surface method. Leading edge shape and the gap between main airfoil and flap, were optimized and the aerodynamic characteristics was improved considerably. The optimized flap has more rounded leading edge and bigger gap. Before angle of attack, $10^{\circ}$, lift and drag are improved and the optimized flap shows similar aerodynamic characteristics to the original flap. The flow condition for optimization was angle of attack, $10^{\circ}$, Mach number, 0.2, flap deflection, $40^{\circ}$.

This study presents a numerical procedure to optimize the shape of stepped circular pin-fins to enhance turbulent heat transfer. The KRG method is used as an optimization technique with Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer with shear stress transport turbulent model. The objective function is defined as a linear combination of heat transfer and friction loss related terms with a weighting factor. Ten training points are obtained by Latin Hypercube Sampling for two design variables. Optimum shape has been successfully obtained with the increased objective function.

An alternator which converts mechanical rotating energy into electric energy is an important component of a vehicle. It operates in broad range from 3000 RPM to 18000 RPM. So, sufficient flow rate and low noise are needed in such broad operating range for a cooling fan of this alternator. In current study, the cooling fan of an alternator is developed through DFSS process and numerical analysis. In order to calculate flow rate and noise level, SC/Tetra and Flow Noise are used respectively, for a new developed fan, compared with original model, numerical result shows 3 dBA reduction and measured value shows 4 dBA reduction.

Fluid flow in LPG injector is delayed momently around nozzle and leaked accidentally, then engine operation becomes unstable. When attached cutsole injector that we can prevent fuel from leaking. Attaching additional devices cause loss of power and pressure. In this study, We has analyzed the performance of the LPG injector nozzle by changing cutsole geometry numerously by using Computational Fluid Dynamics.

For simulation of a wing unfolding motion for the various aerodynamic conditions, equation governing unfolding motion and moments applying to the unfolding wing were modelled. Aerodynamic roll moment consists of the static roll moment and the damping moment, which were obtained through wind tunnel tests and numerical analyses respectively. Panel method was used to compute the roll damping coefficient with twisted wing, whose deflection angle was equivalent to angle of attack due to the deployment motion. Roll damping coefficient is a function of angle of attack, sideslip angle, and deployment angle but not of angular velocity of deployment. Simulation with aerodynamic damping model gave more similar deployment time compared to wing deployment test results.

Flow field around helicopter involves incompressible flow near the blade root and compressible flow at the blade tip. A problem occurs for low Mach number flow due to the stiffness of the governing equations. Time-derivative preconditioning techniques have been incorporated to reduce the stiffness that occurs at low speed region. The preconditioned form of the compressible Navier-Stokes and Euler equations is used. Computations are performed for the Caradonna-Tung's hovering and non-lifting forward flight case. Computational results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

A CFD analysis of helicopter flowfield in forward flight is considered as non-trivial issue because of the complexity of vorticity-dominated flowfield. In this work, a study on the selection of the proper location for the installation of the Pitot probe is conducted using a CFD code which can deal with the interaction of rotor blade vortex and body. To describe the flow patterns for rotating rotor blades and body, the sliding mesh scheme is utilized. Pressure distributions and flow patterns are also analyzed to identify regions free from the interaction of body and wake induced from rotor blades.

Numerical investigations were performed with an external-compression inlet with a three-dimensional bump at Mach 2 to scrutinize the geometrical effects of the bump in controlling the interaction of a shock wave with a boundary layer. The inlet was designed for two oblique shock waves and a terminal normal shock wave followed by a subsonic diffuser, with a circular cross-section throughout. The bump-type inlet that replaced the aft ramp of the conventional ramp-type inlet was optimized with respect to the inlet performance parameters as well as compared with the conventional ramp-type inlet. The current numerical simulations showed that a bump-type inlet can provide an improvement in the total pressure recovery downstream of the shock wave/boundary layer interaction over a conventional ramp-type inlet.

The prediction of hydrate pellet decomposition characteristics is required to design the regasification process of GTS (gas to solid) technology, which is considered as an economic alternative for LNG technology to transport natural gas produced from small and stranded gas wells. Mathematical model based on the conservation principles, the phase equilibrium relation, equation of gas state and phase change kinetics was set up and numerical solution procedure employing volume averaged fixed grid formulation and extended enthalpy method are implemented. Initially, porous methane hydrate pellet is at uniform temperature and pressure within hydrate stable region. The pressure starts to decrease with a fixed rate down to the final pressure and is kept constant afterwards while the bounding surface of pellet is heated by convection. The predicted convective heat and mass transfer accompanied by the decomposed gas flow through hydrate/ice solid matrix is reported focused on the comparison of spherical and cylindrical pellets having the same effective radius.

In the present study, a numerical analysis on electrohydrodynamics (EHD) of the flow and the collection mechanism inside a electrostatic precipitator were investigated. The phenomena of the electrostatic precipitator include complex interactions between the electric field, the fluid flow and the particle motion. To validate the numerical method, the numerical computation for the electric field of a simple wire-pipe type electrostatic system having an analytic solution were performed. Using this numerical method, the electric field of the spiked electrostatic precipitator was simulated. And the fluid flow and the particle motion inside the spiked electrostatic precipitator were numerically analyzed.

The pressure-transient on platform screen doors in side platforms caused by passing trains with various operating conditions have been investigated numerically. The transient compressible three-dimensional flow simulations are performed with actual operating conditions of two trains by adopting moving mesh technique. To achieve more realistic results, the detailed shape of train and the subway station including tunnels connecting the adjacent stations are represented in the computational domain. Numerical analyses are carried out for cases considering arriving/passing/departing train with or without train stopped on the opposite track, and both trains on the move in opposite direction. From the numerical results, the maximum pressure on the platform screen doors, which is predicted in the case of two passing trains, satisfied the design standards for similar stations.

In this paper development of on-line data visualization program is described and some examples of data postprocessing are shown. The program is written in JAVA language and runs as a JAVA applet on the web browser such as Internet Explorer or Firefox. Remote users can use the program to visualize and analyze their own flow data by accessing the program server through the internet and loading data files in proper formats from their local computers. This paper describes briefly about algorithms for data visualization, structure and available functions of the program, and web sever system. The mechanism of how the JAVA applet can access and process local data files and relevant coding techniques are explained as well. Also explained is what is required for the remote users and client computers to access the program on-line. Some visualization examples performed on a local computer are illustrated by accessing the server remotely.

The flight vehicles have cavities such as wheel wells and bomb bays. The flow around a cavity is characterized as unsteady flow because of the formation and dissipation of vortices due to the interaction between the freestream shear layer and cavity internal flow, the generation of shock and expansion waves. Resonance phenomena can damage the structures around the cavity and negatively affect aerodynamic performance and stability. The flow field is observed to oscillate in the "shear layer mode" with low aspect ratio. In the present study, numerical analysis was performed for cavity flows by the unsteady compressible three dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with Wilcox's $\kappa$-$\omega$ turbulence model. The flow field is observed to oscillate in the shear layer mode" with large aspect ratio. Based on the SPL(Sound Pressure Level) analysis of the pressure variation at the cavity trailing edge, the dominant frequency was analyzed and compared with the results of Rossiter's formul. The aero-acoustic wave analyzed with CPD(Correlation of Pressure Distribution).

The development technology for the helicopter is improved by the increasing of computing power and advanced test facilities. The increasing efficiency of fuel consuming by the developing of improved lift-to-drag rotor system is the major issue, the noise reduction for ecology(civil area) and increase of survivability to reduce noise detection(battlefield) also are important. This investigation shows the classification of helicopter external noise and requirements, the noise flight test methods, the numerical modeling method for aero-acoustic of rotor blade and the result of CAA(Computational Aero-Acoustic) for main rotor blade.

극저온 유체를 운반하는 선박의 화물창은 보통 1차 방벽과 2차 방벽으로 구성되어 있다. 1차 방벽에 소량의 극저온 유체의 누출이 생기더라도, 액밀이 되는 2차 방벽에서 추가적인 극저온 유체의 누출을 방지할 수 있기 때문이다. 그러나 2차 방벽에 추가적인 손상이 생길 경우 유리솜으로 만들어진 Flat Joint를 거쳐 선체내벽까지 극저온 유체에 노출될 가능성이 있게 된다. 본 연구의 관심사는 2차 방벽의 손상 정도에 따라, 그리고 누출되는 극저온 유체의 양에 따라, 내측선체에 얼마나 영향이 미치는가를 알아보는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 극저온 유체를 운반하는 선박의 화물창을 구성하는 2차 방벽에 구멍을 뚫어 Flat Joint 사이로 극저온 유체가 흘러 들어가도록 격자를 생성한 후, CFD 소프트웨어를 이용하여 극저온 유체의 누출에 대한 계산을 수행 하였으며 이를 실험 결과와 비교 분석 하였다. 실험과 계산 결과를 살펴보면, 극저온 유체량에 따라 내측 선체에의 피해를 최소화 할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

In this paper, the near wake of stationary and transversely oscillating square section cylinders with different corner radii are studied by numerical method to investigate the influence of corner radius. Six models R/D=0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5 (R is the corner radius and D is the characteristic dimension of the body) were studied. It was found that the corner radius of square cylinder significantly influences the flow features around the body both in stationary and oscillating conditions. Results indicate that, as R/D ratio increases, the Strouhal number increases and the separation point decrease for the stationary and oscillating cases.

The engineering use of CFD is recently extending to the prediction of maneuvering characteristics, response to waves, propeller performance, and so on. The focus of the research is shifting to simulation of more complex processes. Typical examples of such processes are bow or stern slamming, green water problem, propeller cavitation, hull-propeller interaction, or drag reduction by bubble injection. Those processes are characterized by keywords such as high nonlinearity, unsteadiness, multiphase flow. In this paper, two new attempts which have been recently made by the author's research grop are presented. One is the prediction of propeller cavitation and its effect to the ship hull. The others is the application to the drag reduction by use of air bubbles.

The cavitating flow simulation is of practical importance for many engineering systems, such as marine propellers, pump impellers, nozzles, injectors, torpedoes, etc. The present work has developed a base code for simulating cavitating flows past cylinders and hydrofoils. The governing equation is the Navier-Stokes equation based on homogeneous mixture model. The momentum and energy equation is in the mixture phase while the continuity equation is solved in liquid and vapor phase, separately. The solver employs an implicit preconditioning algorithm in curvilinear coordinates. The computations have been carried out for the cylinders with spherical, 1- and 0-caliber forebody and hydrofoil of ALE and NACA cross-section and, then, compared with experiments and other numerical results. Fairly good agreements with experiments and numerical results have been achieved. The present base code has shown the feasibility to solve the cavitating flow past supercavitating torpedo after the improvement for compressibility effects and interactions with hot exhaust gas of propulsive rocket.

A novel adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) strategy based on the Moment-of-Fluid (MOF) method for volume-tracking dynamic interface computation is presented. The Moment-of-Fluid method is a new interface reconstruction and volume advection method using volume fraction as well as material centroid. The mesh refinement is performed based on the error indicator, the deviation of the actual centroid obtained by interface reconstruction from the reference centroid given by moment advection process. Using the AMR-MOF method, the accuracy of volume-tracking computation with evolving interfaces is improved significantly compared to other published results.

As a shock impinges into a vortex of variable strength, complex shock diffraction can occur. Since a vortex has a fixed rotating direction, the shock wave travelling in one direction creates strong asymmetry in the vortex flow field. The process is that first the shock is divided into two parts by the vortex. One part is moving in the adverse direction opposite to the vortex flow which is captured by the vortex center. The other part is moving in the favorable direction, namely, in the direction same as the vortex flow; it is swung around the vortex, accelerating the vortex flow. In this paper we have investigated numerically using ENO scheme how and why the shock-vortex interaction patterns appear so different for different parametric values. Conclusion is that there are three different types of shock-vortex interaction depending on two related parameters: shock Mach number and vortex Mach number. We present a parameter map by which we can discern what type of interaction pattern appears as a shock impinges into a vortex.

A level-set method is developed for computation of drop motions in various engineering applications. Compared with the volume-of-fluid method based on a non-smooth volume-fraction function, the LS method can calculate an interface curvature more accurately by using a smooth distance function. Also, it is straightforward to implement for two-phase flows in complex geometries unlike the VOF method requiring much more complicated geometric calculations. The LS method is applied to simulation of inkjet process, thin film pattering and droplet collisions.

We introduce a series of studies on turbulent skin friction drag reduction in wall-turbulence. First, an identity equation relating the skin friction drag and the Reynolds shear stress (the FIK identity) is introduced. Based on the implication of the FIK identity, a new analytical suboptimal feedback control law requiring the streamwise wall-shear stress only is introduced and direct numerical simulation (DNS) results of turbulent pipe flow with that control is reported. We also introduce DNS of an anisotropic compliant surface and parameter optimization using an evolutionary optimization technique.

In order to investigate the physical mechanism of the energy cascade in homogeneous isotropic turbulence, we introduce Galilean-invariant energy and its transfer rate in the real space as a function of position, time and scale. By using a database of direct numerical simulations (DNS) of homogeneous isotropic turbulence, it is shown that (i) fully developed turbulence consists of multi-scale coherent vortices of tubular shapes, (ii) the energy at each scale is mainly confined in vortex tubes with the radii of the same order of the length scale, and (iii) the energy transfer takes place around pairs (especially, anti-parallel pairs) of such vortex tubes. Based on these observations, it is suggested that the energy cascade can be caused, in the real space, by the process of the stretching and creation of smaller (i.e. thinner) vortex tubes by the straining field around pairs of larger (i.e. fatter) vortex tubes. Indeed, it is quite easy to find such events (in our DNS fields) which strongly support this scenario of the energy cascade.

Current state and perspective of DNS of turbulence and turbulent combustion are discussed with feature trend of the fastest supercomputer in the world. Based on the perspective of DNS of turbulent combustion, possibility of perfect simulations of IC engine is shown. In 2020, the perfect simulation will be realized with 30 billion grid points by 1EXAFlops supercomputer, which requires 4 months CPU time. The CPU time will be reduced to about 4 days if several developments were achieved in the current fundamental researches. To shorten CPU time required for DNS of turbulent combustion, two numerical methods are introduced to full-explicit full-compressible DNS code. One is compact finite difference filter to reduce spatial resolution requirements and numerical oscillations in small scales, and another is well-known point-implicit scheme to avoid quite small time integration of the order of nanosecond for fully explicit DNS. Availability and accuracy of these numerical methods have been confirmed carefully for auto-ignition, planar laminar flame and turbulent premixed flames. To realize DNS of IC engine with realistic kinetic mechanism, several DNS of elemental combustion process in IC engines has been conducted.

Spinning detonations propagating in a circular tube were numerically investigated with a one-step irreversible reaction model governed by Arrhenius kinetics. Activation energy is used as parameter as 10, 20, 27 and 35, and the specific heat ratio and the heat release are fixed as 1.2 and 50. The time evolution of the simulation results was utilized to reveal the propagation mechanism of single-headed spinning detonation. The track angle of soot record on the tube wall was numerically reproduced with various levels of activation energy, and the simulated unique angle was the same as that of the previous reports. The maximum pressure histories of the shock front on the tube wall showed stable pitch at Ea=10, periodical unstable pitch at Ea=20 and 27 and unstable pitch consisting of stable, periodical unstable and weak modes at Ea=35, respectively. In the weak mode, there is no Mach leg on the shock front, where the pressure level is much lower than the other modes. The shock front shapes and the pressure profiles on the tube wall clarified the mechanisms of these stable and unstable modes. In the stable pitch at Ea=10, the maximum pressure history on the tube wall remained nearly constant, and the steady single Mach leg on the shock front rotated at a constant speed. The high and low frequency pressure oscillations appeared in the periodical unstable pitch at Ea=20 and 27 of the maximum pressure history. The high frequency was one cycle of a self-induced oscillation by generation and decay in complex Mach interaction due to the variation in intensity of the transverse wave behind the shock front. Eventually, sequential high frequency oscillations formed the low frequency behavior because the frequency behavior was not always the same for each cycle. In unstable pitch at Ea=35, there are stable, periodical unstable and weak modes in one cycle of the low frequency oscillation in the maximum pressure history, and the pressure amplitude of low frequency was much larger than the others. The pressure peak appeared after weak mode, and the stable, periodical unstable and weak modes were sequentially observed with pressure decay. A series of simulations of spinning detonations clarified that the unsteady mechanism behind the shock front depending on the activation energy.

The prediction of the separation trajectories of the external stores released from a military aircraft is an important task in the aircraft design area having the objective to define the operational and release envelopes. This paper presents the results obtained for store separation by employing commercial sorftwares, FLUENT and CFD-FASTRAN. FLUENT treats the rigid body motion by employing the remeshing scheme. CFD-FASTRAN uses the chimera(overset) grid and interpolations. It was found that, for the prediction of the trajectories and behavior of the stores separated from the wing, both codes shows the good agreement with the experimental results.

The present paper deals with the accurate and robust limiting procedure for the multi-dimensional flow analysis on unstructured meshes. The multi-dimensional limiting process (MLP) which was successfully proposed on structured grid system is extended to unstructured meshes. Based on MUSCL-type framework on unstructured meshes, the new slope limiter is devised to satisfy the MLP condition, which is quite effective to regulate the unwanted oscillations, especially on multiple dimensions. Considering the neighborhood based on the vertex of the cell, as well as the edge, this limiting strategy captures the multi-dimensional flow features very accurately with the proper stencils. From the various numerical results, these desirable characteristics of the proposed limiting strategy are clearly shown.

In this paper grid generation of unstructured quadrilateral surface grids is described. The current approach uses conventional Advancing Front Method which is used to generate unstructured triangular grids. Grid cell size control is done by using closeness-based global interpolation method controlled by pre-described control elements. Algorithm and procedure for quadrilateral grid generation using AFM method and cell size control method are described. Examples of quadrilateral grid generation are shown, and difficulties and problems related to the current approach are also discussed.